{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293470174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","title":"Cross-fitted instrument: A blueprint for one-sample Mendelian randomization","display_name":"Cross-fitted instrument: A blueprint for one-sample Mendelian randomization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293470174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086050153","display_name":"William R. P. Denault","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9690-3890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333353642","display_name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/046nvst19","country_code":"NO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642","https://openalex.org/I4210149801","https://openalex.org/I4210163359"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["NO","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William R. P. Denault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049001926","display_name":"Jon Bohlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-1311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333353642","display_name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/046nvst19","country_code":"NO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642","https://openalex.org/I4210149801","https://openalex.org/I4210163359"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Bohlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068080157","display_name":"Christian M. Page","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1897-3666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333353642","display_name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/046nvst19","country_code":"NO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642","https://openalex.org/I4210149801","https://openalex.org/I4210163359"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian M. Page","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087932701","display_name":"Stephen Burgess","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-8760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134973","display_name":"MRC Biostatistics Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/046vje122","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210134973","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Burgess","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134973","https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018677277","display_name":"Astanand Jugessur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1365-8322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333353642","display_name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/046nvst19","country_code":"NO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642","https://openalex.org/I4210149801","https://openalex.org/I4210163359"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astanand Jugessur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086050153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333353642","https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"fwci":1.1213,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79938052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"e1010268","last_page":"e1010268"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mendelian-randomization","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","score":0.8574278950691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination","display_name":"Sample size determination","score":0.5688357353210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5284271836280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blueprint","display_name":"Blueprint","score":0.5269477963447571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.4334319829940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4131675064563751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40047571063041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.312974214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.308013379573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.2861211597919464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.127986341714859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.08999136090278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.0809081494808197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-variants","display_name":"Genetic variants","score":0.07555326819419861}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.8574278950691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5688357353210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5284271836280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422321","display_name":"Blueprint","level":2,"score":0.5269477963447571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.4334319829940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4131675064563751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40047571063041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.312974214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.308013379573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.2861211597919464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.127986341714859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08999136090278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0809081494808197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.07555326819419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057182","descriptor_name":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057182","descriptor_name":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057182","descriptor_name":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057182","descriptor_name":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36037248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:uchicago.tind.io:4931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/4931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402460","display_name":"Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/4931","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pcbi00:1010268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8dec1b68ea6a49a3bf7defda9d97dbec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8dec1b68ea6a49a3bf7defda9d97dbec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 18, Iss 8, p e1010268 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9462731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9462731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Comput Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/97223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/97223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401717","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1553-734X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G139696651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(BRC-1215-20014)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336709","funder_display_name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1430484903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337091","funder_display_name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1465635051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRC-1215-2001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1895122974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRC-1215-20014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2127837569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2642790126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"26270","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2674840903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3748656914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Norway","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4140885311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504441038","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRC-1215-20014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5309236915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRC-1215-20014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336709","funder_display_name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5566807808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MC_UU_","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6543882502","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"249779","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6641991021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRC-1215-20014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7161117140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7399663621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"204623","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7407982985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7590024527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7653476303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MC_UU_00002/7","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7826725679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRC-1215-20014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8467183595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311040","display_name":"Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319994","display_name":"Department of Health and Social Care","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbpja79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336709","display_name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337091","display_name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/046nvst19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293470174.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293470174.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1905058580","https://openalex.org/W1976844911","https://openalex.org/W1982471084","https://openalex.org/W1985885830","https://openalex.org/W1991587639","https://openalex.org/W2039153962","https://openalex.org/W2073836327","https://openalex.org/W2086426685","https://openalex.org/W2097360283","https://openalex.org/W2104278634","https://openalex.org/W2118743532","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2136558851","https://openalex.org/W2147311167","https://openalex.org/W2151872224","https://openalex.org/W2161633633","https://openalex.org/W2163162137","https://openalex.org/W2165144879","https://openalex.org/W2296845877","https://openalex.org/W2315798686","https://openalex.org/W2329215203","https://openalex.org/W2490528887","https://openalex.org/W2520048741","https://openalex.org/W2786427134","https://openalex.org/W2796296864","https://openalex.org/W2803072880","https://openalex.org/W2810852503","https://openalex.org/W2899836172","https://openalex.org/W2900183310","https://openalex.org/W2962727190","https://openalex.org/W2980721485","https://openalex.org/W3006234351","https://openalex.org/W3023041043","https://openalex.org/W3027865872","https://openalex.org/W3034541161","https://openalex.org/W3042068575","https://openalex.org/W3042936392","https://openalex.org/W3093838039","https://openalex.org/W3123436326","https://openalex.org/W3125823879","https://openalex.org/W3157971051","https://openalex.org/W3188268493","https://openalex.org/W4294541781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153662687","https://openalex.org/W4388813866","https://openalex.org/W2999104021","https://openalex.org/W1481656249","https://openalex.org/W2850804095","https://openalex.org/W2162280767","https://openalex.org/W3012357814","https://openalex.org/W3047225376","https://openalex.org/W1570799877","https://openalex.org/W2800688113"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bias":[0],"from":[1],"weak":[2,25,97],"instruments":[3],"may":[4,244],"undermine":[5],"the":[6,29,44,50,53,56,77,105,122,128,158,179,185,215,219,241,253,265,286],"ability":[7],"to":[8,23,66,76,126,161,171,183,191,204,211,269,277],"estimate":[9],"causal":[10],"effects":[11],"in":[12,58,143,152,195,207,238,285],"instrumental":[13,36],"variable":[14,37],"regression":[15],"(IVR).":[16],"We":[17,73,91],"present":[18],"here":[19],"a":[20,32,110,200,212,225],"new":[21,33],"approach":[22],"handling":[24],"instrument":[26,54],"bias":[27,142],"through":[28],"application":[30,266],"of":[31,35,52,149,155,157,178,214,252,267],"type":[34],"coined":[38],"'Cross-Fitted":[39],"Instrument'":[40],"(CFI).":[41],"CFI":[42,75],"splits":[43],"data":[45,160,180],"at":[46,101],"random":[47],"and":[48,82],"estimates":[49,62],"impact":[51],"on":[55,70],"exposure":[57],"each":[59,71,208],"partition.":[60,72],"These":[61],"are":[63,272],"then":[64],"used":[65,125,182],"perform":[67,127],"an":[68],"IVR":[69],"adapt":[74],"Mendelian":[78,88],"randomization":[79],"(MR)":[80],"setting":[81],"term":[83],"this":[84,144],"adaptation":[85],"'Cross-Fitting":[86],"for":[87,231,259],"Randomization'":[89],"(CFMR).":[90],"show":[92],"that,":[93],"even":[94,120],"when":[95,121],"using":[96],"instruments,":[98,164],"CFMR":[99,117,150,188,223,263],"is,":[100],"worst,":[102],"biased":[103],"towards":[104],"null,":[106],"which":[107,165,234,279],"makes":[108],"it":[109],"conservative":[111,119,201],"one-sample":[112,202],"MR":[113,129,138,174,203,227,255,268,289],"approach.":[114],"In":[115,221],"particular,":[116],"remains":[118],"two":[123],"samples":[124],"analysis":[130,228,284],"completely":[131],"overlap,":[132],"whereas":[133],"current":[134,254],"state-of-the-art":[135],"approaches":[136,256],"(e.g.,":[137],"RAPS)":[139],"display":[140],"substantial":[141],"setting.":[145,290],"Another":[146],"major":[147],"advantage":[148],"lies":[151],"its":[153],"use":[154],"all":[156,218],"available":[159],"select":[162,184],"genetic":[163],"maximizes":[166],"statistical":[167,193],"power,":[168],"as":[169],"opposed":[170],"traditional":[172],"two-sample":[173,288],"where":[175,240],"only":[176],"part":[177],"is":[181,189,235],"instrument.":[186],"Consequently,":[187],"able":[190],"enhance":[192],"power":[194],"consortia-led":[196],"meta-analyses":[197,239],"by":[198,229],"enabling":[199],"be":[205],"performed":[206],"cohort":[209],"prior":[210],"meta-analysis":[213],"results":[216],"across":[217],"cohorts.":[220],"addition,":[222],"enables":[224,264],"cross-ethnic":[226],"accounting":[230],"ethnic":[232],"heterogeneity,":[233],"particularly":[236],"important":[237],"participating":[242],"cohorts":[243],"have":[245],"different":[246],"ethnicities.":[247],"To":[248],"our":[249],"knowledge,":[250],"none":[251],"can":[257],"account":[258],"such":[260],"heterogeneity.":[261],"Finally,":[262],"exposures":[270],"that":[271],"either":[273],"rare":[274],"or":[275],"difficult":[276],"measure,":[278],"would":[280],"normally":[281],"preclude":[282],"their":[283],"regular":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}