{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281553727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","title":"Performance-gated deliberation: A context-adapted strategy in which urgency is opportunity cost","display_name":"Performance-gated deliberation: A context-adapted strategy in which urgency is opportunity cost","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281553727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049086558","display_name":"Maximilian Puelma Touzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8211-6503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164802","display_name":"Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05c22rx21","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Puelma Touzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Operations Research, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada","Mila, Qu\u00e9bec AI Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8211-6503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Operations Research, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mila, Qu\u00e9bec AI Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089018845","display_name":"Paul Cisek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7060-7287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Cisek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043037494","display_name":"Guillaume Lajoie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2730-7291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164802","display_name":"Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05c22rx21","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillaume Lajoie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada","Mila, Qu\u00e9bec AI Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2730-7291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mila, Qu\u00e9bec AI Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049086558"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802","https://openalex.org/I70931966"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"fwci":0.1177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40711261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"e1010080","last_page":"e1010080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliberation","display_name":"Deliberation","score":0.8980673551559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7683545351028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.691294252872467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5698299407958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5463831424713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5403260588645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4669417440891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4564930498600006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4372912049293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.10221493244171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10215705633163452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358652","display_name":"Deliberation","level":3,"score":0.8980673551559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7683545351028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.691294252872467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5698299407958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5463831424713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5403260588645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4669417440891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4564930498600006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4372912049293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10221493244171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10215705633163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004298","descriptor_name":"Dopamine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004298","descriptor_name":"Dopamine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004298","descriptor_name":"Dopamine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35617370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pcbi00:1010080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88b6cc0828fe4f649c4d2384b9e80efa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88b6cc0828fe4f649c4d2384b9e80efa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 18, Iss 5, p e1010080 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9176815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9176815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Comput Biol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1368980094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2018-04821","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2980479518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3582437383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2016-05245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4615248324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LAJGU0401-253188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334618","funder_display_name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6467908787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN- 925 2018-04821","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6910506812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Junior 1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334618","funder_display_name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309949","display_name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdtdd95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330273","display_name":"Institut de Valorisation des Donn\u00e9es","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334618","display_name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02eqrsj93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391985582","https://openalex.org/W1549353711","https://openalex.org/W1963789865","https://openalex.org/W1979224386","https://openalex.org/W1981710150","https://openalex.org/W2011265495","https://openalex.org/W2014195426","https://openalex.org/W2019909176","https://openalex.org/W2032340480","https://openalex.org/W2044719823","https://openalex.org/W2057807884","https://openalex.org/W2077018932","https://openalex.org/W2098205603","https://openalex.org/W2121287864","https://openalex.org/W2129641119","https://openalex.org/W2142146307","https://openalex.org/W2156952192","https://openalex.org/W2157201325","https://openalex.org/W2158130856","https://openalex.org/W2159677773","https://openalex.org/W2168356649","https://openalex.org/W2171535819","https://openalex.org/W2281896430","https://openalex.org/W2414558218","https://openalex.org/W2417176157","https://openalex.org/W2507118341","https://openalex.org/W2736958221","https://openalex.org/W2745085958","https://openalex.org/W2746775567","https://openalex.org/W2755214094","https://openalex.org/W2766125273","https://openalex.org/W2768248760","https://openalex.org/W2807588602","https://openalex.org/W2887218917","https://openalex.org/W2901507688","https://openalex.org/W2921410101","https://openalex.org/W2930108284","https://openalex.org/W2931003326","https://openalex.org/W2944687089","https://openalex.org/W2948506592","https://openalex.org/W2950380978","https://openalex.org/W2953132780","https://openalex.org/W2953319434","https://openalex.org/W2976141814","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3008625362","https://openalex.org/W3011154533","https://openalex.org/W3025329100","https://openalex.org/W3029938737","https://openalex.org/W3049030381","https://openalex.org/W3080392007","https://openalex.org/W3094003338","https://openalex.org/W3104881072","https://openalex.org/W3108147153","https://openalex.org/W3161930903","https://openalex.org/W3166999939","https://openalex.org/W3172980380","https://openalex.org/W3213063001","https://openalex.org/W4226424194","https://openalex.org/W4240669997","https://openalex.org/W6742737013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384627096","https://openalex.org/W2753773138","https://openalex.org/W3204354834","https://openalex.org/W6292469","https://openalex.org/W2223796429","https://openalex.org/W2801092833","https://openalex.org/W2901193592","https://openalex.org/W156167186","https://openalex.org/W2050445137","https://openalex.org/W4250048115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Finding":[0],"the":[1,19,39,54,67,129,132],"right":[2],"amount":[3],"of":[4,42,70,131,146],"deliberation,":[5],"between":[6],"insufficient":[7],"and":[8,57,144,156,162,180],"excessive,":[9],"is":[10,58,117,157],"a":[11,89,109,122,150,165],"hard":[12],"decision":[13],"making":[14],"problem":[15],"that":[16,99],"depends":[17],"on":[18,23,76,94],"value":[20],"we":[21,64,100],"place":[22],"our":[24],"time.":[25,46],"Average-reward,":[26],"putatively":[27],"encoded":[28],"by":[29,112],"tonic":[30],"dopamine,":[31],"serves":[32],"in":[33,88,141,149,164],"existing":[34],"reinforcement":[35,96],"learning":[36,97],"theory":[37],"as":[38,108,120],"opportunity":[40,68],"cost":[41,49,69,116],"time,":[43],"including":[44],"deliberation":[45,71,115],"Importantly,":[47],"this":[48],"can":[50,72],"itself":[51],"vary":[52],"with":[53,159],"environmental":[55],"context":[56],"not":[59],"trivial":[60],"to":[61,79],"estimate.":[62],"Here,":[63],"propose":[65,106],"how":[66],"be":[73],"estimated":[74],"adaptively":[75],"multiple":[77],"timescales":[78],"account":[80],"for":[81,176],"non-stationary":[82],"contextual":[83],"factors.":[84],"We":[85,105,135,171],"use":[86],"it":[87],"simple":[90],"decision-making":[91,133],"heuristic":[92],"based":[93],"average-reward":[95],"(AR-RL)":[98],"call":[101],"Performance-Gated":[102],"Deliberation":[103],"(PGD).":[104],"PGD":[107,137],"strategy":[110],"used":[111],"animals":[113],"wherein":[114],"implemented":[118],"directly":[119],"urgency,":[121],"previously":[123],"characterized":[124],"neural":[125,178],"signal":[126],"effectively":[127],"controlling":[128],"speed":[130],"process.":[134],"show":[136],"outperforms":[138],"AR-RL":[139],"solutions":[140],"explaining":[142],"behaviour":[143],"urgency":[145,163],"non-human":[147],"primates":[148],"context-varying":[151,166],"random":[152,167],"walk":[153],"prediction":[154],"task":[155],"consistent":[158],"relative":[160],"performance":[161],"dot":[168],"motion":[169],"task.":[170],"make":[172],"readily":[173],"testable":[174],"predictions":[175],"both":[177],"activity":[179],"behaviour.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}