{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070422630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","title":"Statistical Resolution of Ambiguous HLA Typing Data","display_name":"Statistical Resolution of Ambiguous HLA Typing Data","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070422630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","mag":"2070422630","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18392148"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035371524","display_name":"Jennifer Listgarten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-1431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Listgarten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America. jennl@microsoft.com","Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America. jennl@microsoft.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054186329","display_name":"Zabrina L. Brumme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-1037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zabrina Brumme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007677473","display_name":"Carl Kadie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl Kadie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112309750","display_name":"Gao Xiaojiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I880747138","display_name":"Science Applications International Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zv91802","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I880747138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao Xiaojiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I880747138","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016518899","display_name":"Bruce D. Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6122-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America","Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015541994","display_name":"Mary Carrington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-2180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I880747138","display_name":"Science Applications International Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zv91802","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I880747138"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Carrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I880747138","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043346206","display_name":"Philip Goulder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-4674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Goulder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016386034","display_name":"David Heckerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-6084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Heckerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016386034","https://openalex.org/A5035371524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"],"apc_list":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"apc_paid":{"value":2655,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2655},"fwci":1.2592,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79025724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"e1000016","last_page":"e1000016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10373","display_name":"Renal Transplantation Outcomes and Treatments","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2747","display_name":"Transplantation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-leukocyte-antigen","display_name":"Human leukocyte antigen","score":0.6933314204216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage-disequilibrium","display_name":"Linkage disequilibrium","score":0.660988986492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5136603713035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haplotype","display_name":"Haplotype","score":0.5047048330307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.46216723322868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.41132283210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40273043513298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.3733975291252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.28980666399002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allele","display_name":"Allele","score":0.28978607058525085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09132468700408936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188280979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911125","display_name":"Human leukocyte antigen","level":3,"score":0.6933314204216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35605836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2064311","display_name":"Linkage disequilibrium","level":5,"score":0.660988986492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5136603713035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197754878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80711","display_name":"Haplotype","level":4,"score":0.5047048330307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.46216723322868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.41132283210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40273043513298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3733975291252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.28980666399002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180754005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726","display_name":"Allele","level":3,"score":0.28978607058525085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09132468700408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000483","descriptor_name":"Alleles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000483","descriptor_name":"Alleles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000483","descriptor_name":"Alleles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000483","descriptor_name":"Alleles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000483","descriptor_name":"Alleles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005787","descriptor_name":"Gene Frequency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005787","descriptor_name":"Gene Frequency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005787","descriptor_name":"Gene Frequency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005787","descriptor_name":"Gene Frequency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005787","descriptor_name":"Gene Frequency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005828","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005828","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005828","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005828","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005828","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006239","descriptor_name":"Haplotypes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006239","descriptor_name":"Haplotypes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006239","descriptor_name":"Haplotypes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006239","descriptor_name":"Haplotypes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006239","descriptor_name":"Haplotypes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006650","descriptor_name":"Histocompatibility Testing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006650","descriptor_name":"Histocompatibility Testing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006650","descriptor_name":"Histocompatibility Testing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006650","descriptor_name":"Histocompatibility Testing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006650","descriptor_name":"Histocompatibility Testing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015234","descriptor_name":"HLA-A Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015234","descriptor_name":"HLA-A Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015234","descriptor_name":"HLA-A Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015234","descriptor_name":"HLA-A Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015234","descriptor_name":"HLA-A Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020641","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020641","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020641","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020641","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020641","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18392148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18392148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pcbi00:1000016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52541f9f88234552981074403c5c43c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52541f9f88234552981074403c5c43c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 4, Iss 2, p e1000016 (2008)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1379714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2289775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000016&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3277247684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N01-CO-12400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4705127230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1-CO-12400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6977636623","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1-CO-12400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7504989611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N01-CO-12400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306085","display_name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/033jnv181"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2070422630.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2070422630.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28108870","https://openalex.org/W181437532","https://openalex.org/W946421891","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1545913120","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1891283710","https://openalex.org/W1963813930","https://openalex.org/W1964901903","https://openalex.org/W1965683474","https://openalex.org/W1984427580","https://openalex.org/W1992036957","https://openalex.org/W2007504958","https://openalex.org/W2008633460","https://openalex.org/W2009733794","https://openalex.org/W2010756468","https://openalex.org/W2018241055","https://openalex.org/W2030038341","https://openalex.org/W2032437254","https://openalex.org/W2033654955","https://openalex.org/W2041626124","https://openalex.org/W2042413629","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2046062863","https://openalex.org/W2047757002","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2062754214","https://openalex.org/W2064476661","https://openalex.org/W2067504188","https://openalex.org/W2083361461","https://openalex.org/W2091921574","https://openalex.org/W2092434970","https://openalex.org/W2093972693","https://openalex.org/W2096130477","https://openalex.org/W2098019463","https://openalex.org/W2106442980","https://openalex.org/W2109347434","https://openalex.org/W2110755408","https://openalex.org/W2127767954","https://openalex.org/W2138739961","https://openalex.org/W2168902753","https://openalex.org/W2171442659","https://openalex.org/W2567948266","https://openalex.org/W2616197098","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W3023639491","https://openalex.org/W3197494818","https://openalex.org/W4233663157","https://openalex.org/W4246811122","https://openalex.org/W4388297464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3146762847","https://openalex.org/W2398263405","https://openalex.org/W2166354960","https://openalex.org/W2056886854","https://openalex.org/W2078792789","https://openalex.org/W2366069092","https://openalex.org/W2033791925","https://openalex.org/W4290290927","https://openalex.org/W2044539991","https://openalex.org/W1975939071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-resolution":[0],"HLA":[1,80,115,142,154,183,245],"typing":[2,81],"plays":[3],"a":[4,104,191,215,223],"central":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,14,21,29,37,63,108,141,222,238],"many":[8],"areas":[9],"of":[10,26,42,52,57,70,111,163,218,263],"immunology,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,132,144,146,253,255],"identifying":[15],"immunogenetic":[16],"risk":[17],"factors":[18],"for":[19,106,194,275],"disease,":[20],"studying":[22],"how":[23,233],"the":[24,50,58,68,91,129,133,161,175,182,200,212,260],"genomes":[25],"pathogens":[27],"evolve":[28],"response":[30],"to":[31,48,75,86,93,135,151,157,170,210,214,234,240,251],"immune":[32],"selection":[33,51],"pressures,":[34],"and":[35,102,197,220,227,258],"also":[36,231],"vaccine":[38,53],"design,":[39],"where":[40],"identification":[41],"HLA-restricted":[43],"epitopes":[44],"may":[45],"be":[46,136],"used":[47,180],"guide":[49],"immunogens.":[54],"Perhaps":[55],"one":[56],"most":[59],"immediate":[60],"applications":[61],"is":[62,82,160,272],"direct":[64],"medical":[65],"decisions":[66],"concerning":[67],"matching":[69],"stem":[71],"cell":[72],"transplant":[73],"donors":[74],"unrelated":[76],"recipients.":[77],"However,":[78],"high-resolution":[79,123],"frequently":[83],"unavailable":[84],"due":[85],"its":[87],"high":[88],"cost":[89],"or":[90],"inability":[92],"re-type":[94],"historical":[95],"data.":[96,116],"In":[97],"this":[98,171,264],"paper,":[99],"we":[100],"introduce":[101,167],"evaluate":[103],"method":[105,237],"statistical,":[107],"silico":[109],"refinement":[110,213],"ambiguous":[112],"and/or":[113],"low-resolution":[114],"Our":[117,185],"method,":[118],"which":[119],"requires":[120],"an":[121],"independent,":[122],"training":[124],"data":[125,134,150],"set":[126],"drawn":[127],"from":[128],"same":[130],"population":[131],"refined,":[137],"uses":[138],"linkage":[139],"disequilibrium":[140],"haplotypes":[143],"well":[145,254],"four-digit":[147],"allele":[148,246],"frequency":[149],"probabilistically":[152],"refine":[153],"typings.":[155],"Central":[156],"our":[158,236,270],"approach":[159,271],"use":[162],"haplotype":[164,195],"inference.":[165],"We":[166,230],"new":[168],"methodology":[169],"area,":[172],"improving":[173],"upon":[174],"Expectation-Maximization":[176],"(EM)-based":[177],"approaches":[178],"currently":[179],"within":[181],"community.":[184],"improvements":[186,206],"are":[187],"achieved":[188],"by":[189,198],"using":[190],"parsimonious":[192],"parameterization":[193],"distributions":[196,247],"smoothing":[199],"maximum":[201],"likelihood":[202],"(ML)":[203],"solution.":[204],"These":[205],"make":[207],"it":[208],"possible":[209],"scale":[211],"larger":[216],"number":[217],"alleles":[219],"loci":[221],"more":[224],"computationally":[225],"efficient":[226],"stable":[228],"manner.":[229],"show":[232],"augment":[235],"order":[239],"incorporate":[241],"ethnicity":[242],"information":[243],"(as":[244],"vary":[248],"widely":[249],"according":[250],"race/ethnicity":[252],"geographic":[256],"area),":[257],"demonstrate":[259],"potential":[261],"utility":[262],"experimentally.":[265],"A":[266],"tool":[267],"based":[268],"on":[269],"freely":[273],"available":[274],"research":[276],"purposes":[277],"at":[278],"http://microsoft.com/science.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}