{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019656312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","title":"Is it possible that belief isn't necessary?","display_name":"Is it possible that belief isn't necessary?","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019656312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","mag":"2019656312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","pdf_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/notre-dame-journal-of-formal-logic/volume-34/issue-1/Is-it-possible-that-belief-isnt-necessary/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78544662","display_name":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic","issn_l":"0029-4527","issn":["0029-4527","1939-0726"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/notre-dame-journal-of-formal-logic/volume-34/issue-1/Is-it-possible-that-belief-isnt-necessary/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033243928","display_name":"Brian MacPherson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5965-9358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian Macpherson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy Concordia University Montreal, Quebec Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy Concordia University Montreal, Quebec Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033243928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.58939397,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91565834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.3963373899459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.3936064839363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculus","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","score":0.37682288885116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36388880014419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34568727016448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3413635492324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14260822534561157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3963373899459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3936064839363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.37682288885116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36388880014419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34568727016448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3413635492324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14260822534561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","pdf_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/notre-dame-journal-of-formal-logic/volume-34/issue-1/Is-it-possible-that-belief-isnt-necessary/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78544662","display_name":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic","issn_l":"0029-4527","issn":["0029-4527","1939-0726"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CULeuclid:euclid.ndjfl/1093634560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ndjfl/1093634560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400787","display_name":"Project Euclid (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560","pdf_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/notre-dame-journal-of-formal-logic/volume-34/issue-1/Is-it-possible-that-belief-isnt-necessary/10.1305/ndjfl/1093634560.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78544662","display_name":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic","issn_l":"0029-4527","issn":["0029-4527","1939-0726"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2019656312.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516748551","https://openalex.org/W1596067335","https://openalex.org/W1999654660","https://openalex.org/W2001722583","https://openalex.org/W2019102629","https://openalex.org/W2023034223","https://openalex.org/W2082653520","https://openalex.org/W4239496785","https://openalex.org/W4240611384","https://openalex.org/W4388176603","https://openalex.org/W6602095422","https://openalex.org/W6614412217","https://openalex.org/W6635829330","https://openalex.org/W6652497287","https://openalex.org/W6655284342","https://openalex.org/W6656277300","https://openalex.org/W6657500731","https://openalex.org/W6673575387"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W1587224694","https://openalex.org/W2911598644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1,145,206],"been":[2,146,180,277],"a":[3,53,63,91,157],"tradition":[4,141],"in":[5,28,34,74,137,142,231,273,283],"the":[6,35,44,140,143,149,189,226,244,280,284],"history":[7],"of":[8,11,30,132,159,219,225,247,269],"doxastic":[9,135,176,214,234,245],"logic":[10,54,83,96],"treating":[12],"belief":[13,50,57,78,95,103,150,205,220,270],"as":[14,58,104,156,182,195,216],"analogous":[15,59],"to":[16,42,60,147],"necessity.The":[17],"resulting":[18],"logics":[19,136,177,215],"presuppose":[20,112],"that":[21,39,55,70,113,254,262],"believers":[22],"are":[23,80,86,116,229,265],"\"ideal\",":[24],"which":[25,99,109],"is":[26,37,97,192,238],"unacceptable":[27],"light":[29],"various":[31],"counterexamples":[32],"discussed":[33],"literature.It":[36],"argued":[38],"Rantala's":[40],"proposals":[41],"salvage":[43],"alleged":[45,123],"analogy":[46,124,201],"between":[47,125,202],"necessity":[48,107,126,160,190,203],"and":[49,62,84,108,127,134,169,174,204,259],"fail.In":[51],"addition,":[52],"treats":[56],"possibility":[61,105],"corresponding":[64],"semantics":[65,85],"motivated":[66],"by":[67],"Stalnaker's":[68],"claim":[69],"agents":[71,255],"can":[72],"be":[73],"more":[75],"than":[76],"one":[77],"state":[79],"developed.Although":[81],"this":[82,200],"inconsistencytolerant,":[87],"new":[88],"problems":[89],"arise.Finally":[90],"modest":[92],"though":[93],"nontrivial":[94],"proposed":[98],"does":[100,110],"not":[101,111],"treat":[102,148],"or":[106,118],"agents'":[114,263],"beliefs":[115,258,264],"consistent":[117],"deductively":[119],"closed.":[120],"/":[121],"The":[122],"beliefBeginning":[128],"with":[129],"Hintikka's":[130],"discussion":[131],"epistemic":[133],"Hintikka":[138,164],"[7],":[139],"literature":[144,285],"operator":[151,161,191],"'B'":[152],"(x":[153],"believes":[154,198],"that)":[155],"kind":[158],"(see":[162],"also":[163],"[8],":[165],"Rantala":[166],"[14],":[167],"[15],":[168],"Rescher":[170],"[16]).That":[171],"is,":[172],"sentential":[173],"quantified":[175],"have":[178,276],"traditionally":[179],"regarded":[181],"normal":[183],"1":[184],"alethic":[185],"modal":[186],"systems":[187,242],"where":[188],"informally":[193],"construed":[194],"c":[196],"x":[197],"that'.Pushing":[199],"invited":[207],"disaster,":[208],"at":[209],"least":[210],"if":[211],"we":[212],"regard":[213],"embodying":[217],"principles":[218,268],"attribution.In":[221],"particular,":[222],"all":[223],"instances":[224],"following":[227],"schemata":[228,275],"derivable":[230,239],"any":[232],"'normal'":[233],"system,":[235],"although":[236],"T2":[237,260],"only":[240],"for":[241,279,287],"containing":[243],"version":[246],"D,":[248],"Ba":[249],"D":[250],"Tl:Informally,":[251],"Tl":[252],"says":[253],"always":[256,266],"conjoin":[257],"asserts":[261],"consistent.The":[267],"attribution":[271],"embodied":[272],"these":[274],"rejected":[278],"most":[281],"part":[282],"(see,":[286],"ex-":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}