{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091552124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13016/y7xf-cf2u","title":"ROBUST FACIAL LANDMARKS LOCALIZATION WITH APPLICATIONS IN FACIAL BIOMETRICS","display_name":"ROBUST FACIAL LANDMARKS LOCALIZATION WITH APPLICATIONS IN FACIAL BIOMETRICS","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091552124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13016/y7xf-cf2u","mag":"3091552124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/26193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/26193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/y7xf-cf2u","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065355382","display_name":"Amit Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0642-5419"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kumar, Amit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065355382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.6463000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.6463000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.5683000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7686475515365601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5269642472267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4850403666496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4850153625011444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34640783071517944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7686475515365601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5269642472267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4850403666496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4850153625011444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34640783071517944}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/26193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/26193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:3091552124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/26193","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.13016/y7xf-cf2u","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/y7xf-cf2u","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.13016/y7xf-cf2u","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/y7xf-cf2u","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2443824008","https://openalex.org/W2938417515","https://openalex.org/W3127697125","https://openalex.org/W2507983867","https://openalex.org/W2419014051","https://openalex.org/W2204985954","https://openalex.org/W1847621912","https://openalex.org/W2014137954","https://openalex.org/W2064439216","https://openalex.org/W3006012949","https://openalex.org/W2996025176","https://openalex.org/W2036250785","https://openalex.org/W2973496740","https://openalex.org/W2053075060","https://openalex.org/W2972279025","https://openalex.org/W2127229071","https://openalex.org/W2793185088","https://openalex.org/W2498976463","https://openalex.org/W3172042411","https://openalex.org/W2137508330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Localization":[0],"of":[1,3,24,35,42,55,86,135,152,159,206,246,325,359,395,454,458,467,474,481,542,561,575,595,604,614,621,634],"regions":[2,41],"interest":[4],"on":[5,81,89,175,309,478,491,577,658],"images":[6,91,115,180,450,534,565],"and":[7,33,100,107,137,157,172,186,210,233,262,286,317,382,398,494,662],"videos":[8],"is":[9,92,166,592,619,669],"a":[10,27,48,117,150,322,512,642],"well":[11,219],"studied":[12],"prob-":[13],"lem":[14],"in":[15,26,37,52,74,97,146,154,183,224,231,269,283,520,531,630,641],"computer":[16],"vision":[17],"community.":[18],"Usually":[19],"localization":[20,23,58,444,610,673],"tasks":[21],"imply":[22],"objects":[25,36],"given":[28],"image,":[29],"such":[30,125],"as":[31,51,126,149],"detection":[32,70,327,589],"segmentation":[34],"images.":[38,462,524,545,579,677],"However,":[39,213],"the":[40,53,75,132,179,190,254,266,275,284,288,356,360,363,376,380,393,402,407,423,434,448,452,464,472,479,501,521,539,559,573,578,596,602,612,622,632,646,659],"interests":[43],"can":[44,318,637],"be":[45,278,319,639],"limited":[46],"to":[47,112,116,169,199,228,249,277,280,321,349,373,391,446,528,537,557,571,674],"single":[49],"pixel":[50],"task":[54,453,480,613],"facial":[56,68,98,304,442,587,608,671],"landmark":[57,69,443,588,672],"or":[59,128],"human":[60,329,615,635],"pose":[61,330,428,432,616,661],"estimation.":[62,331],"This":[63,139,273,525],"dissertation":[64,469],"studies":[65],"ro-":[66],"bust":[67],"algorithms":[71],"for":[72,220,303,328,353,451,607,611,625,667],"faces":[73],"wild":[76],"using":[77,122,413],"learning":[78,156,536,540],"methods":[79,302,314,486],"based":[80,308],"Convolution":[82,238,310],"Neural":[83,239,311],"Networks.":[84,312],"Detection":[85],"specific":[87],"keypoints":[88,110,412],"face":[90,105,114,435,449,482],"an":[93,270,440],"integral":[94],"pre-processing":[95],"step":[96],"biometrics":[99],"numerous":[101],"other":[102,234],"applications":[103],"including":[104],"verification":[106],"identification.":[108],"Detecting":[109],"allows":[111],"align":[113,447],"canonical":[118],"coordi-":[119],"nate":[120],"system":[121],"geometric":[123],"transforms":[124],"similarity":[127],"affine":[129],"transformations":[130],"mitigating":[131],"adverse":[133],"affects":[134],"rotation":[136],"scaling.":[138],"challenging":[140],"problem":[141,324],"has":[142],"become":[143,243],"more":[144,160],"attractive":[145],"recent":[147],"years":[148],"result":[151],"advances":[153],"deep":[155,342],"release":[158],"unconstrained":[161,176,225,461],"datasets.":[162],"The":[163,313,332],"research":[164,668],"community":[165],"pushing":[167],"bound-aries":[168],"achieve":[170],"better":[171,173],"performance":[174],"images,":[177,497],"where":[178,645],"are":[181,315,651],"diverse":[182],"pose,":[184],"expression":[185],"lightning":[187],"conditions.":[188],"Over":[189],"years,":[191],"researchers":[192],"have":[193,242],"developed":[194,606],"various":[195],"hand":[196,255],"crafted":[197,256],"techniques":[198,390],"extract":[200,250],"meaningful":[201],"features":[202,215,343],"from":[203,265,433,460,505],"features,":[204,257],"most":[205],"them":[207],"being":[208,656],"appearance":[209,232],"geometry-based":[211],"features.":[212,252],"these":[214,649],"do":[216],"not":[217],"perform":[218,259,487],"data":[221,267,285,397],"col-":[222],"lected":[223],"settings":[226],"due":[227],"large":[229],"variations":[230,281],"nui-":[235],"sance":[236],"factors.":[237],"Networks":[240,419],"(CNNs)":[241],"prominent":[244],"because":[245],"their":[247,292],"ability":[248],"discriminating":[251],"Unlike":[253],"DCNNs":[258,276],"feature":[260,263],"extraction":[261],"classification":[264],"itself":[268],"end-to-end":[271],"fashion.":[272],"enables":[274],"robust":[279],"present":[282],"at":[287,422,517],"same":[289,424],"time":[290,425],"improve":[291],"discriminative":[293],"ability.":[294],"In":[295,362,401,463,546],"this":[296,468,508,547],"dissertation,":[297],"we":[298,368,405,438,470,510,549,581,599],"discuss":[299,471,601],"three":[300],"different":[301,388,411],"keypoint":[305,326,609],"de-":[306],"tection":[307],"generic":[316],"extended":[320],"related":[323],"first":[333,555],"method":[334,514,526],"called":[335,366],"Cascaded":[336],"Local":[337],"Deep":[338],"Descriptor":[339],"Regression":[340],"uses":[341],"ex-":[344],"tracted":[345],"around":[346],"local":[347],"points":[348],"learn":[350,375,556],"linear":[351],"regressors":[352],"incrementally":[354],"correcting":[355],"initial":[357],"estimate":[358],"keypoints.":[361],"second":[364],"method,":[365,404,590],"KEPLER,":[367],"develop":[369],"efficient":[370],"Heatmap":[371],"CNNs":[372],"directly":[374],"non-linear":[377],"mapping":[378],"between":[379,410,648],"input":[381,502],"target":[383],"spaces.":[384],"We":[385],"also":[386,582,600,638],"apply":[387],"regularization":[389],"tackle":[392],"effects":[394],"imbalanced":[396],"vanishing":[399],"gradients.":[400],"third":[403],"model":[406,538,558,572],"spatial":[408],"correlation":[409],"Pose":[414],"Conditioned":[415],"Convo-":[416],"lution":[417],"Deconvolution":[418],"(PCD-CNN)":[420],"while":[421,655],"making":[426],"it":[427],"agnostic":[429],"by":[430,535],"disentangling":[431],"image.":[436],"Next,":[437],"show":[439],"applicationof":[441],"used":[445],"apparent":[455],"age":[456],"estimation":[457],"humans":[459],"fourth":[465],"part":[466],"impact":[473],"good":[475,495],"quality":[476,496,523,586],"landmarks":[477,519,530],"verification.":[483],"Previously":[484],"proposed":[485],"with":[488],"reasonable":[489],"accuracy":[490],"high":[492,543,585],"resolution":[493,533,544,564],"but":[498],"fail":[499],"when":[500],"image":[503],"suffers":[504],"degradation.":[506],"To":[507],"end,":[509],"propose":[511,583],"semi-supervised":[513],"which":[515,554,567,591,618],"aims":[516],"predicting":[518],"low":[522,532,563],"learns":[527,570],"predict":[529],"process":[541],"algorithm,":[548],"use":[550],"Generative":[551],"Adversarial":[552],"Networks,":[553],"distribution":[560,574],"real":[562],"after":[566],"another":[568,584],"CNN":[569],"heatmaps":[576],"Additionally,":[580],"currently":[593],"state":[594],"art.":[597],"Finally,":[598],"extension":[603],"ideas":[605],"estimation,":[617],"one":[620],"important":[623],"cues":[624],"Human":[626],"Activity":[627],"Recognition.":[628],"As":[629],"PCD-CNN,":[631],"parts":[633,650],"body":[636],"modelled":[640],"tree":[643],"structure,":[644],"relationship":[647],"learnt":[652],"through":[653],"convolutions":[654],"conditioned":[657],"3D":[660],"orientation.":[663],"Another":[664],"interesting":[665],"avenue":[666],"extending":[670],"naturally":[675],"degraded":[676]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
