{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157782222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0853","title":"An Agency Theory of the Division of Managerial Labor","display_name":"An Agency Theory of the Division of Managerial Labor","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157782222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0853","mag":"2157782222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206124708","display_name":"Organization Science","issn_l":"1047-7039","issn":["1047-7039","1526-5455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032212840","display_name":"David Gaddis Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6561-6234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Gaddis Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia Business School, New York, New York 10027"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Business School, New York, New York 10027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032212840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.852,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95140483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"494","last_page":"508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunism","display_name":"Opportunism","score":0.9258319735527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalist-and-specialist-species","display_name":"Generalist and specialist species","score":0.5669606924057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.5476894378662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5440312027931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervisor","display_name":"Supervisor","score":0.526817798614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5105117559432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal\u2013agent-problem","display_name":"Principal\u2013agent problem","score":0.4805605709552765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typology","display_name":"Typology","score":0.46992433071136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/officer","display_name":"Officer","score":0.4189167618751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.37517067790031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.36608898639678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.36303800344467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.2573041021823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.22165265679359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1446957290172577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.10898363590240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09720718860626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08942103385925293}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129631789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334173","display_name":"Opportunism","level":2,"score":0.9258319735527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45371612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058587","display_name":"Generalist and specialist species","level":3,"score":0.5669606924057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5476894378662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5440312027931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240788","display_name":"Supervisor","level":2,"score":0.526817798614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5105117559432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200707436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053211","display_name":"Principal\u2013agent problem","level":3,"score":0.4805605709552765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.46992433071136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.4189167618751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.37517067790031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.36608898639678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36303800344467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2573041021823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.22165265679359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1446957290172577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.10898363590240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09720718860626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08942103385925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206124708","display_name":"Organization Science","issn_l":"1047-7039","issn":["1047-7039","1526-5455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:inm:ororsc:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:494-508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W177511547","https://openalex.org/W589689900","https://openalex.org/W1480287333","https://openalex.org/W1517602275","https://openalex.org/W1566344170","https://openalex.org/W1586724634","https://openalex.org/W1600029897","https://openalex.org/W1967053015","https://openalex.org/W1967488970","https://openalex.org/W1976586623","https://openalex.org/W1981973200","https://openalex.org/W1982213224","https://openalex.org/W1983177532","https://openalex.org/W1992713003","https://openalex.org/W1992851344","https://openalex.org/W2005606269","https://openalex.org/W2013502493","https://openalex.org/W2015849769","https://openalex.org/W2017084792","https://openalex.org/W2020532351","https://openalex.org/W2023235317","https://openalex.org/W2027468736","https://openalex.org/W2031765650","https://openalex.org/W2036715421","https://openalex.org/W2038900672","https://openalex.org/W2043593255","https://openalex.org/W2048478822","https://openalex.org/W2062863452","https://openalex.org/W2064060902","https://openalex.org/W2072210475","https://openalex.org/W2085071100","https://openalex.org/W2085234939","https://openalex.org/W2101946146","https://openalex.org/W2108032234","https://openalex.org/W2108174251","https://openalex.org/W2108767715","https://openalex.org/W2113324288","https://openalex.org/W2113984561","https://openalex.org/W2116982410","https://openalex.org/W2120339917","https://openalex.org/W2121732389","https://openalex.org/W2121903168","https://openalex.org/W2122679534","https://openalex.org/W2125313549","https://openalex.org/W2125381863","https://openalex.org/W2129643610","https://openalex.org/W2135002024","https://openalex.org/W2140614071","https://openalex.org/W2154905125","https://openalex.org/W2155050419","https://openalex.org/W2162448899","https://openalex.org/W2166401620","https://openalex.org/W2167214394","https://openalex.org/W2495575685","https://openalex.org/W2743680178","https://openalex.org/W2752617332","https://openalex.org/W2891584594","https://openalex.org/W2912293881","https://openalex.org/W3108371728","https://openalex.org/W3121282263","https://openalex.org/W3121330059","https://openalex.org/W3122406008","https://openalex.org/W3124096586","https://openalex.org/W3124104595","https://openalex.org/W3124613120","https://openalex.org/W3124757688","https://openalex.org/W3124807495","https://openalex.org/W3125057674","https://openalex.org/W3126072495","https://openalex.org/W3126117480","https://openalex.org/W3174994520","https://openalex.org/W4206996420","https://openalex.org/W4237645591","https://openalex.org/W4238968568","https://openalex.org/W4242361829","https://openalex.org/W4298366344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042439442","https://openalex.org/W2355269570","https://openalex.org/W1979439403","https://openalex.org/W1999233418","https://openalex.org/W4376141545","https://openalex.org/W2094607796","https://openalex.org/W4295677923","https://openalex.org/W2348391973","https://openalex.org/W2157782222","https://openalex.org/W2319244331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Should":[0,13],"responsibility":[1],"for":[2,167,203],"strategic":[3,95],"planning":[4,96],"and":[5,51,97,102,139,144,186,246],"execution":[6],"be":[7,225],"assigned":[8],"to":[9,47,87,94,108,110,117,162,176,209,250],"the":[10,27,33,57,73,76,83,98,111,123,135,165,187,201,211,218,228,262],"same":[11,112],"manager?":[12],"a":[14,17,43,53,130,153,198,222,240,251],"firm":[15,241],"have":[16,147,181],"chief":[18,28],"operating":[19],"officer":[20],"with":[21,170,206],"responsibilities":[22],"distinct":[23],"from":[24],"those":[25],"of":[26,35,56,59,72,75,100,126,137,189,213,220,235,264],"executive":[29],"officer?":[30],"How":[31],"does":[32],"division":[34,58],"labor":[36,256],"affect":[37],"managerial":[38,60,104,140,157,214],"opportunism?":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"uses":[42],"formal":[44],"agency-theoretic":[45],"model":[46],"address":[48],"these":[49],"questions":[50],"present":[52],"new":[54,265],"theory":[55,84],"labor.":[61],"Building":[62],"on":[63],"Penrose\u2019s":[64],"typology":[65],"[":[66],"Penrose":[67],"E":[68],"(2009)":[69],"The":[70,120],"Theory":[71],"Growth":[74],"Firm,":[77],"4th":[78],"ed.":[79],"(Blackwell,":[80],"Oxford,":[81],"UK)],":[82],"identifies":[85],"when":[86],"assign":[88],"(i)":[89],"entrepreneurial":[90,138,171,207],"services,":[91,105,158,172],"which":[92,106,159,173],"relate":[93,107],"acquisition":[99],"resources,":[101],"(ii)":[103],"execution,":[109],"generalist":[113,154,199,223],"manager":[114],"rather":[115],"than":[116],"different":[118],"specialists.":[119],"analysis":[121],"reveals":[122],"critical":[124],"importance":[125],"separability,":[127,151],"i.e.,":[128],"whether":[129],"supervisor":[131,146],"can":[132],"separately":[133],"observe":[134],"outcomes":[136],"services.":[141,215],"If":[142],"managers":[143,180],"their":[145],"symmetric":[148],"information":[149,183],"about":[150],"hiring":[152,193,197,221],"dominates":[155,195],"because":[156,196],"are":[160,174,230],"easier":[161],"assess,":[163],"reduce":[164],"scope":[166],"opportunism":[168,204],"associated":[169,205],"harder":[175],"assess.":[177],"Conversely,":[178],"if":[179,227,255],"better":[182],"regarding":[184],"separability":[185,190],"probability":[188],"is":[191,238],"low,":[192],"specialists":[194],"allows":[200],"potential":[202],"services":[208,229],"contaminate":[210],"provision":[212],"Even":[216],"so,":[217],"benefits":[219],"may":[224],"restored":[226],"sequenced":[231],"appropriately.":[232],"An":[233],"implication":[234],"such":[236],"sequencing":[237],"that":[239],"will":[242],"grow":[243],"in":[244],"fits":[245],"starts,":[247],"giving":[248],"rise":[249],"\u201cPenrose":[252],"effect\u201d":[253],"even":[254],"market":[257],"frictions":[258],"do":[259],"not":[260],"impede":[261],"assimilation":[263],"managers.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}