{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408883354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2024.1025","title":"Hard and Soft Defense Against a Sequence of Aerial Threats","display_name":"Hard and Soft Defense Against a Sequence of Aerial Threats","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408883354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2024.1025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/opre.2024.1025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2024.1025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125775545","display_name":"Operations Research","issn_l":"0030-364X","issn":["0030-364X","1526-5463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041463172","display_name":"Michael P. Atkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6606-8188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Atkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6606-8188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009759781","display_name":"Moshe Kress","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-9848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moshe Kress","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-9848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041463172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4672,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89219276,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"1767","last_page":"1784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13371","display_name":"Military Defense Systems Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13371","display_name":"Military Defense Systems Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12888","display_name":"Military Strategy and Technology","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5925049781799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5253262519836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.468581885099411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3239631950855255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17754137516021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.13117733597755432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5925049781799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5253262519836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.468581885099411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3239631950855255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17754137516021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13117733597755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/opre.2024.1025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2024.1025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125775545","display_name":"Operations Research","issn_l":"0030-364X","issn":["0030-364X","1526-5463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521191617","https://openalex.org/W1987933637","https://openalex.org/W1990317354","https://openalex.org/W1990474526","https://openalex.org/W1990917265","https://openalex.org/W2009525888","https://openalex.org/W2050602472","https://openalex.org/W2079616398","https://openalex.org/W2082201362","https://openalex.org/W2086058534","https://openalex.org/W2099746148","https://openalex.org/W2103654862","https://openalex.org/W2120057998","https://openalex.org/W2125429580","https://openalex.org/W2126809399","https://openalex.org/W2162255256","https://openalex.org/W2167766598","https://openalex.org/W2312692975","https://openalex.org/W2314652231","https://openalex.org/W2399819578","https://openalex.org/W2554837895","https://openalex.org/W2899192399","https://openalex.org/W3116335266","https://openalex.org/W4255928378","https://openalex.org/W4360839092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tactics":[0],"to":[1,74,82,93],"Counter":[2],"Missile":[3],"and":[4,9,19,45,52,68,98,146],"Drone":[5],"Threats":[6],"In":[7],"\u201cHard":[8],"Soft":[10],"Defense":[11],"Against":[12],"a":[13,30,58,110,129],"Sequence":[14],"of":[15,66,89,101,128,140],"Aerial":[16],"Threats,\u201d":[17],"Atkinson":[18],"Kress":[20],"develop":[21],"an":[22,138],"analytical":[23],"model":[24,55],"for":[25,119,137],"missile":[26,147],"defense":[27,42,148],"in":[28,109],"which":[29,62],"Blue":[31,63],"defender":[32],"counters":[33],"sequential":[34],"attacks":[35],"by":[36,61],"Red":[37],"threats":[38,90],"using":[39],"both":[40],"hard":[41],"(HD)":[43],"interceptors":[44,67,103],"soft":[46],"measures":[47],"(SM),":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50],"jamming":[51],"decoys.":[53],"Their":[54,79,122],"focuses":[56],"on":[57,76],"shoot-look-shoot":[59],"tactic":[60],"fires":[64],"salvos":[65],"then":[69],"assesses":[70],"the":[71,87,95,99,126],"battle":[72],"damage":[73],"decide":[75],"further":[77],"engagement.":[78],"objective":[80],"is":[81,125],"minimize":[83],"two":[84],"performance":[85,112],"metrics:":[86],"number":[88,100],"that":[91,131],"manage":[92],"penetrate":[94],"defenses":[96],"(leakers)":[97],"costly":[102],"expended.":[104],"By":[105],"establishing":[106],"efficient":[107],"frontiers":[108],"two-dimensional":[111],"space,":[113],"they":[114],"identify":[115],"effective":[116],"firing":[117],"sequences":[118],"various":[120],"scenarios.":[121],"primary":[123],"contribution":[124],"development":[127],"framework":[130],"integrates":[132],"HD":[133],"with":[134],"SM,":[135],"allowing":[136],"examination":[139],"how":[141],"SM":[142],"affects":[143],"interceptor":[144],"allocation":[145],"tactics.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-19T15:00:24.278416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}