{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417465239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2023.0481","title":"FLASH-TB: Integrating Arc-Flags and Trip-Based Public Transit Routing","display_name":"FLASH-TB: Integrating Arc-Flags and Trip-Based Public Transit Routing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417465239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2023.0481"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/trsc.2023.0481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2023.0481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130252234","display_name":"Transportation Science","issn_l":"0041-1655","issn":["0041-1655","1526-5447"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048579850","display_name":"Ernestine Gro\u00dfmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9678-0253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127657","display_name":"Heidelberg Engineering (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/03thsxs59","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85384741","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rcqnp59","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85384741"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernestine Gro\u00dfmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heidelberg University, Institute of Computer Science, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9678-0253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heidelberg University, Institute of Computer Science, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I4210127657","https://openalex.org/I85384741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102854350","display_name":"Jonas Sauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7196-7468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Sauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7196-7468","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059665527","display_name":"Christian Schulz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2823-3506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127657","display_name":"Heidelberg Engineering (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/03thsxs59","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85384741","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rcqnp59","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85384741"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Schulz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heidelberg University, Institute of Computer Science, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2823-3506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heidelberg University, Institute of Computer Science, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I4210127657","https://openalex.org/I85384741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079327164","display_name":"Patrick Steil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3282-4533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Steil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3282-4533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071123656","display_name":"Sascha Witt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-3200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sascha Witt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-3200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048579850"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I4210127657","https://openalex.org/I85384741"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44068742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"2","first_page":"242","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.6958000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.59170001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5608999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transit","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","score":0.4659000039100647}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7512999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.6958000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.59170001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5608999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985733770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233007","display_name":"Travel time","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988166257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924286","display_name":"Traffic network","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/trsc.2023.0481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2023.0481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130252234","display_name":"Transportation Science","issn_l":"0041-1655","issn":["0041-1655","1526-5447"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125936143","https://openalex.org/W190901240","https://openalex.org/W805408692","https://openalex.org/W1483103748","https://openalex.org/W1489358540","https://openalex.org/W1508854722","https://openalex.org/W1560120587","https://openalex.org/W1964915778","https://openalex.org/W1994924587","https://openalex.org/W2101810346","https://openalex.org/W2104317982","https://openalex.org/W2110861948","https://openalex.org/W2118840184","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2208227442","https://openalex.org/W2293861670","https://openalex.org/W2576197549","https://openalex.org/W4386289075"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,97],"present":[1],"FLASH-TB,":[2],"a":[3,32,50,64,119,137,167],"journey-planning":[4],"algorithm":[5,48,72],"for":[6,92],"public":[7,13,81],"transit":[8,14,82],"networks":[9],"that":[10,52,99],"combines":[11],"trip-based":[12],"routing":[15],"(TB)":[16],"with":[17,136],"the":[18,47,55,61,94,111,193],"arc-flags":[19,79],"speedup":[20,168],"technique.":[21],"The":[22,27,161,204],"basic":[23],"idea":[24],"is":[25,29,57,115,128,207],"simple:":[26],"network":[28],"partitioned":[30],"into":[31],"configurable":[33],"number":[34,112],"of":[35,113,157,164,169,174],"cells.":[36],"For":[37],"each":[38,41],"cell":[39],"and":[40,124,199],"possible":[42],"transfer":[43,56],"between":[44,121],"two":[45,155,172],"vehicles,":[46],"precomputes":[49],"flag":[51],"indicates":[53],"whether":[54],"required":[58],"to":[59,77,80,89,154],"reach":[60],"cell.":[62],"During":[63],"query,":[65],"only":[66],"flagged":[67],"transfers":[68],"are":[69],"explored.":[70],"Our":[71],"improves":[73],"on":[74,183],"previous":[75],"attempts":[76],"apply":[78],"networks,":[83],"which":[84,141],"saw":[85],"limited":[86],"success":[87],"due":[88],"conflicting":[90],"rules":[91,101],"pruning":[93],"search":[95],"space.":[96],"show":[98],"these":[100],"can":[102],"be":[103],"reconciled":[104],"while":[105],"still":[106],"producing":[107],"correct":[108],"results.":[109],"Because":[110],"cells":[114],"configurable,":[116],"FLASH-TB":[117,165],"offers":[118],"tradeoff":[120],"query":[122,149,180],"time":[123],"memory":[125],"consumption.":[126],"It":[127],"significantly":[129],"more":[130,170],"space":[131],"efficient":[132],"than":[133,171],"existing":[134],"techniques":[135],"comparable":[138],"preprocessing":[139],"time,":[140],"store":[142],"generalized":[143],"shortest-path":[144],"trees:":[145],"To":[146],"match":[147],"their":[148],"performance,":[150],"it":[151],"requires":[152],"up":[153],"orders":[156,173],"magnitude":[158,175],"less":[159],"memory.":[160],"fastest":[162],"configuration":[163],"achieves":[166],"over":[176],"TB,":[177],"offering":[178],"submillisecond":[179],"times":[181],"even":[182],"large":[184],"countrywide":[185],"networks.":[186],"Funding:":[187],"This":[188],"work":[189],"was":[190],"supported":[191],"by":[192],"Deutsche":[194],"Forschungsgemeinschaft":[195],"[Grants":[196],"SCHU":[197],"2567/3-1":[198],"WA":[200],"654/23-2].":[201],"Supplemental":[202],"Material:":[203],"online":[205],"appendix":[206],"available":[208],"at":[209],"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2023.0481":[210],".":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-18T00:00:00"}
