{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405640029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.03116","title":"Economies Before Scale: I.T. Strategy and Performance Dynamics of Young U.S. Businesses","display_name":"Economies Before Scale: I.T. Strategy and Performance Dynamics of Young U.S. Businesses","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405640029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.03116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/mnsc.2019.03116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.03116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33323087","display_name":"Management Science","issn_l":"0025-1909","issn":["0025-1909","1526-5501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Management Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649170","display_name":"Wang Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4813-2507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Digital Economy Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Digital Economy Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040398895","display_name":"Kristina McElheran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-4901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristina McElheran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto Scarborough and Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto Scarborough and Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100649170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97733231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"9","first_page":"7449","last_page":"7473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"Economies of scale","score":0.5574660897254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.507986843585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.4904584586620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4031718671321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.39516907930374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.39380770921707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-geography","display_name":"Economic geography","score":0.3658055067062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.22119274735450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16853398084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.12147712707519531}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.5574660897254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.507986843585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.4904584586620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4031718671321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.39516907930374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39380770921707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3658055067062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.22119274735450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16853398084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12147712707519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/mnsc.2019.03116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.03116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33323087","display_name":"Management Science","issn_l":"0025-1909","issn":["0025-1909","1526-5501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Management Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168995569","https://openalex.org/W647367906","https://openalex.org/W1487531252","https://openalex.org/W1503711780","https://openalex.org/W1547051676","https://openalex.org/W1548771125","https://openalex.org/W1585189676","https://openalex.org/W1855283887","https://openalex.org/W1891785038","https://openalex.org/W1978127735","https://openalex.org/W1988550741","https://openalex.org/W1991898766","https://openalex.org/W2003939026","https://openalex.org/W2005262825","https://openalex.org/W2013915050","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2027068888","https://openalex.org/W2028230650","https://openalex.org/W2032773281","https://openalex.org/W2035638978","https://openalex.org/W2057353990","https://openalex.org/W2065488925","https://openalex.org/W2068523666","https://openalex.org/W2069448083","https://openalex.org/W2070796659","https://openalex.org/W2078086371","https://openalex.org/W2086220924","https://openalex.org/W2088782929","https://openalex.org/W2093104425","https://openalex.org/W2094111477","https://openalex.org/W2100761519","https://openalex.org/W2109280325","https://openalex.org/W2112059919","https://openalex.org/W2114734276","https://openalex.org/W2129858953","https://openalex.org/W2132993593","https://openalex.org/W2133875455","https://openalex.org/W2135002024","https://openalex.org/W2140956556","https://openalex.org/W2143586926","https://openalex.org/W2150611598","https://openalex.org/W2151169308","https://openalex.org/W2160449301","https://openalex.org/W2162455264","https://openalex.org/W2167401497","https://openalex.org/W2169044080","https://openalex.org/W2169855821","https://openalex.org/W2171272451","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2179492332","https://openalex.org/W2265790795","https://openalex.org/W2292919410","https://openalex.org/W2397808554","https://openalex.org/W2577227262","https://openalex.org/W2611356021","https://openalex.org/W2738057292","https://openalex.org/W2767996707","https://openalex.org/W2772588312","https://openalex.org/W2778131405","https://openalex.org/W2800735604","https://openalex.org/W2810763564","https://openalex.org/W2897697024","https://openalex.org/W2965196603","https://openalex.org/W3023239135","https://openalex.org/W3095222684","https://openalex.org/W3096948557","https://openalex.org/W3116716653","https://openalex.org/W3121236930","https://openalex.org/W3121262326","https://openalex.org/W3121692461","https://openalex.org/W3122017011","https://openalex.org/W3122968539","https://openalex.org/W3123275472","https://openalex.org/W3124050042","https://openalex.org/W3124166862","https://openalex.org/W3124376863","https://openalex.org/W3124470129","https://openalex.org/W3124536214","https://openalex.org/W3124729337","https://openalex.org/W3125189468","https://openalex.org/W3125206803","https://openalex.org/W3125506817","https://openalex.org/W3125549700","https://openalex.org/W3125620266","https://openalex.org/W3125924389","https://openalex.org/W3125937655","https://openalex.org/W3126118385","https://openalex.org/W3126138586","https://openalex.org/W3199841521","https://openalex.org/W4226345186","https://openalex.org/W4229895548","https://openalex.org/W4230037132","https://openalex.org/W4289328111","https://openalex.org/W4308354171","https://openalex.org/W4396515071","https://openalex.org/W4404062133"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488319709","https://openalex.org/W4234414157","https://openalex.org/W2004293008","https://openalex.org/W1636325709","https://openalex.org/W1905058013","https://openalex.org/W2724817865","https://openalex.org/W2400992695","https://openalex.org/W2382944939","https://openalex.org/W3123586916","https://openalex.org/W844085809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,42],"examine":[1],"how":[2],"dimensions":[3],"of":[4,12,73,96,135,181,196,211,249,254],"information":[5,233],"technology":[6],"(IT)":[7],"strategy":[8],"affect":[9],"the":[10,32,44,55,83,165,194,241,251,258],"performance":[11,36],"young":[13,88,107,166],"businesses,":[14],"as":[15,17,19,187,189],"well":[16,188],"dynamics":[18],"they":[20,138],"age.":[21,225],"Drawing":[22],"from":[23,77,101,112,156],"lifecycle":[24],"theory":[25],"and":[26,38,58,65,93,123,218,244,257],"firm":[27],"boundary":[28],"research,":[29],"we":[30,81],"derive":[31],"relationship":[33],"between":[34,47],"age-based":[35],"differences":[37],"IT":[39,103,114,173],"sourcing":[40],"decisions.":[41],"highlight":[43],"dynamic":[45],"tension":[46],"outsourcing\u2019s":[48],"support":[49],"for":[50,61],"accessing":[51],"frontier":[52],"inputs":[53],"in":[54,161,192,221],"short":[56],"term":[57],"ownership\u2019s":[59],"advantages":[60,160],"developing":[62],"organization-specific":[63],"resources":[64],"capabilities":[66],"over":[67],"time.":[68],"Leveraging":[69],"a":[70,184],"large":[71,179],"panel":[72],"Census":[74],"Bureau":[75,253],"microdata":[76],"2006":[78],"to":[79,169,200,215],"2014,":[80],"provide":[82],"first":[84],"systematic":[85],"evidence":[86],"that":[87],"manufacturing":[89],"establishments":[90],"(both":[91],"startups":[92],"new":[94],"units":[95],"existing":[97],"firms)":[98],"disproportionately":[99],"benefit":[100],"modern":[102],"outsourcing":[104],"(ITO).":[105],"The":[106,265],"also":[108],"enjoy":[109],"productivity":[110,174],"benefits":[111],"owned":[113],"capital":[115],"(ITK),":[116],"despite":[117],"high":[118],"uncertainty,":[119],"smaller":[120],"operational":[121],"scale,":[122],"less":[124],"complementary":[125],"organizational":[126],"capital.":[127],"Although":[128],"these":[129],"returns":[130],"appear":[131],"commensurate":[132],"with":[133,158],"those":[134],"older":[136,176],"producers,":[137],"are":[139,167],"conditional":[140],"on":[141],"survival,":[142],"which":[143],"is":[144,268],"improved":[145],"by":[146,150,230,240],"ITO":[147],"but":[148],"harmed":[149],"ITK":[151,157,163],"accumulation.":[152],"Combining":[153],"flexibility-related":[154],"gains":[155],"vintage-related":[159],"early":[162],"investment,":[164],"revealed":[168],"have":[170],"significantly":[171],"greater":[172],"than":[175],"incumbents.":[177],"A":[178],"battery":[180],"tests":[182],"supports":[183],"causal":[185],"interpretation,":[186],"mechanisms":[190],"rooted":[191],"mitigating":[193],"effects":[195],"uncertainty":[197],"(as":[198],"opposed":[199],"size-":[201],"or":[202],"cost-related":[203],"reasons).":[204],"These":[205],"findings":[206],"illuminate":[207],"an":[208,222],"often-overlooked":[209],"pattern":[210],"young-business":[212],"dynamism":[213],"relevant":[214],"economic":[216],"trends":[217],"management":[219],"practices":[220],"increasingly":[223],"digital":[224],"This":[226,236],"paper":[227],"was":[228,238],"accepted":[229],"DJ":[231],"Wu,":[232],"systems.":[234],"Funding:":[235],"work":[237],"supported":[239],"Social":[242],"Sciences":[243],"Humanities":[245],"Research":[246],"Council":[247],"(SSHRC)":[248],"Canada,":[250],"National":[252],"Economic":[255],"Research,":[256],"Stanford":[259],"Digital":[260],"Economy":[261],"Lab.":[262],"Supplemental":[263],"Material:":[264],"online":[266],"appendix":[267],"available":[269],"at":[270],"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.03116":[271],".":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
