{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124946451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1110.0669","title":"Competitive Strategy for Open Source Software","display_name":"Competitive Strategy for Open Source Software","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124946451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1110.0669","mag":"3124946451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/mksc.1110.0669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1110.0669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163534328","display_name":"Marketing Science","issn_l":"0732-2399","issn":["0732-2399","1526-548X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Marketing Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100663901","display_name":"Vineet Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7847-7034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vineet Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02163"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02163","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077873111","display_name":"Brett R. Gordon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brett R. Gordon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038040329","display_name":"Kannan Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-8569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kannan Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97925461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"6","first_page":"1066","last_page":"1078"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitor-analysis","display_name":"Competitor analysis","score":0.6788835525512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-riding","display_name":"Free riding","score":0.6760687828063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.668787956237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6049597263336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5957594513893127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5923868417739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.546360194683075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-share","display_name":"Market share","score":0.540353536605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-surplus","display_name":"Economic surplus","score":0.5257692933082581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.509549617767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cannibalization","display_name":"Cannibalization","score":0.4497976005077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.44157612323760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberian-dollar","display_name":"Liberian dollar","score":0.4310237169265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-complements","display_name":"Strategic complements","score":0.4127280116081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commerce","display_name":"Commerce","score":0.3580608069896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3571590781211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.2654207646846771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1698853075504303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.15993237495422363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.6788835525512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85510643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500284","display_name":"Free riding","level":3,"score":0.6760687828063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.668787956237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6049597263336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5957594513893127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5923868417739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.546360194683075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16051113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828814","display_name":"Market share","level":2,"score":0.540353536605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167393938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268617","display_name":"Economic surplus","level":3,"score":0.5257692933082581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.509549617767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154300","display_name":"Cannibalization","level":2,"score":0.4497976005077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.44157612323760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109168655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988","display_name":"Liberian dollar","level":2,"score":0.4310237169265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145351099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621827","display_name":"Strategic complements","level":2,"score":0.4127280116081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.3580608069896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3571590781211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2654207646846771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1698853075504303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.15993237495422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/mksc.1110.0669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1110.0669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163534328","display_name":"Marketing Science","issn_l":"0732-2399","issn":["0732-2399","1526-548X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Marketing Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:inm:ormksc:v:30:y:2011:i:6:p:1066-1078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1110.0669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333374","display_name":"HEC Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05ww3wq27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132416764","https://openalex.org/W573720491","https://openalex.org/W1494343913","https://openalex.org/W1537911176","https://openalex.org/W1570389551","https://openalex.org/W1936022305","https://openalex.org/W1940686192","https://openalex.org/W1977651645","https://openalex.org/W1983037449","https://openalex.org/W2008441742","https://openalex.org/W2039642656","https://openalex.org/W2044679885","https://openalex.org/W2056188449","https://openalex.org/W2075338797","https://openalex.org/W2081031629","https://openalex.org/W2096547436","https://openalex.org/W2105037366","https://openalex.org/W2109183455","https://openalex.org/W2111222789","https://openalex.org/W2113812487","https://openalex.org/W2114574011","https://openalex.org/W2115747715","https://openalex.org/W2119406282","https://openalex.org/W2151566613","https://openalex.org/W2152924470","https://openalex.org/W2159871020","https://openalex.org/W2166838101","https://openalex.org/W2171515777","https://openalex.org/W2171816001","https://openalex.org/W2494084009","https://openalex.org/W2551072204","https://openalex.org/W2911939397","https://openalex.org/W3121647552","https://openalex.org/W3123336377","https://openalex.org/W3124860557","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120574761","https://openalex.org/W1488845133","https://openalex.org/W3123527857","https://openalex.org/W3124891572","https://openalex.org/W3191862047","https://openalex.org/W2104573210","https://openalex.org/W2163100862","https://openalex.org/W2941413648","https://openalex.org/W2916919238","https://openalex.org/W2013718111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Commercial":[0],"open":[1,31,165],"source":[2,12,32],"software":[3,7],"(COSS)":[4],"products\u2014privately":[5],"developed":[6],"based":[8,83],"on":[9,49,84],"publicly":[10],"available":[11],"code\u2014represent":[13],"a":[14,57,65,69,81,92,112,133,142,151,177],"rapidly":[15],"growing,":[16],"multibillion-dollar":[17],"market.":[18],"A":[19],"unique":[20],"aspect":[21],"of":[22,52,59,100,115,127,144,161],"competition":[23,116],"in":[24,132,137,174,183],"the":[25,50,97],"COSS":[26,118],"market":[27,82,152],"is":[28,141,172],"that":[29,155,169,176,187],"many":[30],"licenses":[33],"require":[34],"firms":[35,45,119,130,156],"to":[36,46,120,164],"make":[37],"certain":[38],"enhancements":[39,101],"public,":[40],"creating":[41],"an":[42],"incentive":[43],"for":[44,153],"free":[47,85,188],"ride":[48],"contributions":[51,163],"others.":[53],"This":[54],"practice":[55],"raises":[56],"number":[58],"puzzling":[60],"issues.":[61,123],"First,":[62],"why":[63],"should":[64],"firm":[66],"further":[67],"develop":[68,111],"product":[70,139],"if":[71],"competitors":[72],"can":[73,181,190],"freely":[74],"appropriate":[75],"these":[76,122],"contributions?":[77],"Second,":[78],"how":[79],"does":[80,96],"riding":[86,189],"produce":[87],"high-quality":[88,184],"products?":[89],"Third,":[90],"from":[91],"public":[93,145],"policy":[94],"perspective,":[95],"mandatory":[98,178],"sharing":[99,179],"raise":[102],"or":[103],"lower":[104],"consumer":[105,195],"surplus":[106],"and":[107,146,149,186,194],"industry":[108],"profits?":[109],"We":[110,167],"two-sided":[113],"model":[114,125],"between":[117],"address":[121],"Our":[124],"consists":[126],"(1)":[128],"two":[129],"competing":[131],"vertically":[134],"differentiated":[135],"market,":[136],"which":[138],"quality":[140],"mix":[143],"private":[147],"components,":[148],"(2)":[150],"developers":[154],"hire":[157],"after":[158],"observing":[159],"signals":[160],"their":[162],"source.":[166],"demonstrate":[168],"free-riding":[170],"behavior":[171],"supported":[173],"equilibrium,":[175],"setting":[180],"result":[182],"products,":[185],"actually":[191],"increase":[192],"profits":[193],"surplus.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-14T07:06:38.338062","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
