{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294002184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.10.6.366-379","title":"VFA: A Variable-Factor Authentication Framework for Mobile Users","display_name":"VFA: A Variable-Factor Authentication Framework for Mobile Users","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294002184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.10.6.366-379","mag":"2294002184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12720/jcm.10.6.366-379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.10.6.366-379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184821498","display_name":"Journal of Communications","issn_l":"1796-2021","issn":["1796-2021","2374-4367"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323867253","host_organization_name":"International Communication Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323867253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Communication Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437976","display_name":"Kai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5624-2987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749972","display_name":"Weifeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-757X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["California University of Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083915362","display_name":"Zhen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-3236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["California University of Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008820992","display_name":"Dongdai Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3951-7889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdai Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102914991","display_name":"Yazhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1709-5283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100437976"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.207227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6274898648262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.5519513487815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.5389934182167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.512475311756134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.466835618019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.43352073431015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3161298632621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.27545130252838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1600942313671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.05184847116470337}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6274898648262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.5519513487815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5389934182167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.512475311756134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.466835618019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.43352073431015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3161298632621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.27545130252838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1600942313671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.05184847116470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12720/jcm.10.6.366-379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.10.6.366-379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184821498","display_name":"Journal of Communications","issn_l":"1796-2021","issn":["1796-2021","2374-4367"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323867253","host_organization_name":"International Communication Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323867253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Communication Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78682170","https://openalex.org/W1491197508","https://openalex.org/W1492832934","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1724737952","https://openalex.org/W1873414311","https://openalex.org/W1976572447","https://openalex.org/W1981342917","https://openalex.org/W1988817359","https://openalex.org/W1989085188","https://openalex.org/W1994439126","https://openalex.org/W2009693669","https://openalex.org/W2033298496","https://openalex.org/W2038430060","https://openalex.org/W2041184937","https://openalex.org/W2079185151","https://openalex.org/W2083253764","https://openalex.org/W2083681515","https://openalex.org/W2121828611","https://openalex.org/W2126960670","https://openalex.org/W2144182447","https://openalex.org/W2144342348","https://openalex.org/W2160610500","https://openalex.org/W2161487483","https://openalex.org/W4254182148","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6629279466","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6637487613","https://openalex.org/W6639159786","https://openalex.org/W6659873680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784017372","https://openalex.org/W2363363251","https://openalex.org/W4309172146","https://openalex.org/W4238865314","https://openalex.org/W4291701200","https://openalex.org/W2784315464","https://openalex.org/W192327621","https://openalex.org/W3010813109","https://openalex.org/W153191986","https://openalex.org/W3000652178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-factor":[0],"authentication":[1,105,151],"(MFA)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6,80],"in":[7],"various":[8],"scenarios.":[9],"By":[10],"combining":[11],"multiple":[12],"forms":[13],"of":[14,26,59,63,92,104],"authentication,":[15,149],"MFA":[16,74],"effectively":[17],"provides":[18,133],"security":[19,50,142],"assurance.":[20],"Due":[21],"to":[22,46,120,130,136,144],"the":[23,60,102,122,141],"rapid":[24],"developments":[25],"mobile":[27],"devices,":[28],"especially":[29],"smart":[30,43,48,64,82,97],"phones,":[31],"more":[32,34,53],"and":[33,70],"sensitive":[35],"information":[36],"is":[37,51,112],"now":[38,52],"stored":[39],"or":[40,114],"accessible":[41],"on":[42,81,108],"phones.":[44,83,98],"How":[45],"protect":[47],"phones'":[49],"important":[54],"than":[55],"ever.":[56],"Unfortunately,":[57],"because":[58],"special":[61],"features":[62],"phones":[65],"such":[66],"as":[67],"computational":[68],"limitations":[69],"input":[71],"constraints,":[72],"existing":[73],"schemes":[75],"could":[76],"not":[77],"be":[78],"directly":[79],"In":[84],"this":[85],"paper,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"a":[89,110,118],"new":[90],"concept":[91],"Variable-Factor":[93],"Authentication":[94],"(VFA)":[95],"for":[96],"VFA":[99,132],"dynamically":[100],"adjusts":[101],"number":[103],"factors":[106],"based":[107],"whether":[109],"user":[111],"suspicious":[113,145],"not.":[115],"We":[116],"implement":[117],"prototype":[119],"exam":[121],"performance.":[123],"The":[124],"experiment":[125],"results":[126],"show":[127],"that,":[128],"compared":[129],"MFA,":[131],"significant":[134],"convenience":[135],"legitimate":[137],"users":[138],"whereas":[139],"maintain":[140],"protection":[143],"users.":[146],"Index":[147],"Terms\u2014Multi-factor":[148],"variable":[150],"factors,":[152],"local":[153],"outlier":[154],"probabilities":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
