{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149921991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","title":"The Nature and Processing of Errors in Interactive Behavior","display_name":"The Nature and Processing of Errors in Interactive Behavior","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149921991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","mag":"2149921991"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018754380","display_name":"Wayne D. Gray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1704-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wayne D. Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018754380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0522,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98592674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"205","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7157543301582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6904847025871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.6673761606216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.6145756244659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.5333853363990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-model","display_name":"Cognitive model","score":0.4578269124031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4545828104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.42088523507118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4135437607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.39486047625541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.350884348154068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20934703946113586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7157543301582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6904847025871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6673761606216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.6145756244659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.5333853363990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.4578269124031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4545828104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42088523507118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4135437607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.39486047625541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.350884348154068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20934703946113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.4.9279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.4.9279","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.rpi.edu/~grayw/pubs/papers/Gray-Err/gray-err.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog2402_2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G48789853","display_name":"The Origins of Errors in Rule-Based Programming Tasks","funder_award_id":"9618833","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2149921991.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2149921991.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W534311","https://openalex.org/W69470806","https://openalex.org/W190046928","https://openalex.org/W196616988","https://openalex.org/W202909246","https://openalex.org/W612540183","https://openalex.org/W1231418614","https://openalex.org/W1530173949","https://openalex.org/W1564397683","https://openalex.org/W1615097079","https://openalex.org/W1679907412","https://openalex.org/W1737802827","https://openalex.org/W1965191725","https://openalex.org/W1974233151","https://openalex.org/W1977196850","https://openalex.org/W1977674594","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W1993325457","https://openalex.org/W1999196543","https://openalex.org/W2006240660","https://openalex.org/W2011959510","https://openalex.org/W2014439598","https://openalex.org/W2016288462","https://openalex.org/W2016900109","https://openalex.org/W2018753114","https://openalex.org/W2018823572","https://openalex.org/W2020183557","https://openalex.org/W2021347897","https://openalex.org/W2023745308","https://openalex.org/W2036936600","https://openalex.org/W2042031818","https://openalex.org/W2049543499","https://openalex.org/W2050247947","https://openalex.org/W2053680135","https://openalex.org/W2060642394","https://openalex.org/W2064430731","https://openalex.org/W2067450646","https://openalex.org/W2071244092","https://openalex.org/W2071783141","https://openalex.org/W2083762696","https://openalex.org/W2085345209","https://openalex.org/W2092919341","https://openalex.org/W2099794055","https://openalex.org/W2113476921","https://openalex.org/W2123536124","https://openalex.org/W2143709518","https://openalex.org/W2160630870","https://openalex.org/W2161829306","https://openalex.org/W2162792036","https://openalex.org/W2164279716","https://openalex.org/W2171680637","https://openalex.org/W2174896420","https://openalex.org/W2315761891","https://openalex.org/W2316008622","https://openalex.org/W2319613626","https://openalex.org/W2333196491","https://openalex.org/W2403931881","https://openalex.org/W2500367720","https://openalex.org/W2507566219","https://openalex.org/W2801883372","https://openalex.org/W4210651582","https://openalex.org/W4239252689","https://openalex.org/W4248085210","https://openalex.org/W4254047772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W52840052","https://openalex.org/W1741504538","https://openalex.org/W1687852313","https://openalex.org/W3029243869","https://openalex.org/W2019696434","https://openalex.org/W2502336004","https://openalex.org/W3162837891","https://openalex.org/W4308623176","https://openalex.org/W2358078963","https://openalex.org/W1585007175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,13,18,21,85,98,107,111,119,127,139,147,175,184,199,210,224,229,263],"nature":[2],"of":[3,118,130,138,143,146,152,163,170,187,198,209,232,253,266],"errors":[4,178,261],"in":[5,83,262],"a":[6,10,32,37,62,135,220,233],"simple,":[7],"rule\u2010based":[8],"task\u2014programming":[9],"VCR\u2014required":[11],"analyzing":[12],"interactions":[14],"among":[15],"human":[16],"cognition,":[17],"artifact,":[19],"and":[20,30,133,141,237,249],"task.":[22],"This":[23],"analysis":[24,49],"was":[25,50,72,93,123],"guided":[26],"by":[27,258,273],"least\u2010effort":[28],"principles":[29],"yielded":[31,134],"control":[33,86],"structure":[34],"that":[35,66,97,110],"combined":[36],"rule":[38],"hierarchy":[39],"task\u2010to\u2010device":[40],"with":[41,228],"display\u2010based":[42],"difference\u2010reduction.":[43],"A":[44,216],"model":[45,99,112,122,148,157],"based":[46],"on":[47,196],"this":[48],"used":[51],"to":[52,78,106,125,174,183,223],"trace":[53,126],"action":[54],"protocols":[55],"collected":[56],"from":[57,212],"participants":[58],"as":[59,104],"they":[60,190],"programmed":[61],"simulated":[63],"VCR.":[64],"Trials":[65],"ended":[67],"without":[68],"success":[69],"(the":[70,91],"show":[71,92,218],"not":[73,114,203],"correctly":[74,94],"programmed)":[75],"were":[76,102,116,179,191,194],"interrogated":[77],"yield":[79],"insights":[80,159],"regarding":[81],"problems":[82],"acquiring":[84],"structure.":[87],"For":[88],"successful":[89],"trials":[90],"programmed),":[95],"steps":[96,109],"would":[100,113,205],"make":[101,115],"categorized":[103],"matches":[105],"model;":[108],"violations":[117],"model.":[120,176],"The":[121,156],"able":[124],"vast":[128],"majority":[129],"correct":[131,188],"keystrokes":[132],"business\u2010as\u2010usual":[136],"account":[137],"detection":[140],"correction":[142],"errors.":[144],"Violations":[145],"fell":[149],"into":[150,160,242],"one":[151],"two":[153],"fundamental":[154],"categories.":[155],"provided":[158],"certain":[161],"subcategories":[162,169],"errors;":[164],"whereas,":[165],"regularities":[166],"within":[167],"other":[168],"error":[171],"suggested":[172],"limitations":[173],"Although":[177],"rare":[180],"when":[181],"compared":[182],"total":[185],"number":[186],"actions,":[189],"important.":[192],"Errors":[193,252],"made":[195],"4%":[197],"keypresses":[200],"that,":[201],"if":[202],"detected,":[204],"have":[206,238],"prevented":[207],"two\u2010thirds":[208],"shows":[211],"being":[213],"successfully":[214],"recorded.":[215],"misprogrammed":[217],"is":[219],"minor":[221],"annoyance":[222],"user.":[225],"However,":[226],"devices":[227],"approximate":[230],"complexity":[231],"VCR":[234],"are":[235],"ubiquitous":[236],"found":[239],"their":[240],"way":[241],"emergency":[243],"rooms,":[244],"airplane":[245],"cockpits,":[246],"power":[247],"plants,":[248],"so":[250],"on.":[251],"ignorance":[254],"may":[255],"be":[256,271],"reduced":[257,272],"training;":[259],"however,":[260],"routine":[264],"performance":[265],"skilled":[267],"users":[268],"can":[269],"only":[270],"design.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
