{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4253418061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1802_2","title":"On the Interaction of Theory and Data in Concept Learning","display_name":"On the Interaction of Theory and Data in Concept Learning","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4253418061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1802_2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1802_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1802_2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039502431","display_name":"Edward J. Wisniewski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311060795","display_name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward J. Wisniewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University","The research was supported in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Development under fellowship award 5 F32 HD07279-02 given to Edward J. Wisniewski and by the National Science Foundation under grant 9110245 given to Douglas L. Medin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The research was supported in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Development under fellowship award 5 F32 HD07279-02 given to Edward J. Wisniewski and by the National Science Foundation under grant 9110245 given to Douglas L. Medin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038953603","display_name":"Douglas L. Medin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-7202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311060795","display_name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas L. Medin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University","The research was supported in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Development under fellowship award 5 F32 HD07279-02 given to Edward J. Wisniewski and by the National Science Foundation under grant 9110245 given to Douglas L. Medin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The research was supported in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Development under fellowship award 5 F32 HD07279-02 given to Edward J. Wisniewski and by the National Science Foundation under grant 9110245 given to Douglas L. Medin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039502431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":170,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97330932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"221","last_page":"281"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9466999769210815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-learning","display_name":"Concept learning","score":0.6452305912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5233893990516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.5126013159751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.47546499967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4697829782962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4595692455768585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4309285283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.42460885643959045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4192866086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.41775065660476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-theory","display_name":"Learning theory","score":0.4103710949420929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4018489718437195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48164120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4491893","display_name":"Concept learning","level":2,"score":0.6452305912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5233893990516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5126013159751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.47546499967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4697829782962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4595692455768585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4309285283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.42460885643959045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4192866086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41775065660476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92393732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790374","display_name":"Learning theory","level":2,"score":0.4103710949420929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4018489718437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1802_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1802_2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10056579","https://openalex.org/W198216673","https://openalex.org/W607171229","https://openalex.org/W1500839707","https://openalex.org/W1508109433","https://openalex.org/W1539524531","https://openalex.org/W1553133723","https://openalex.org/W1594369375","https://openalex.org/W1600764354","https://openalex.org/W1634667895","https://openalex.org/W1643156611","https://openalex.org/W1965853076","https://openalex.org/W1968833464","https://openalex.org/W1969949803","https://openalex.org/W1972320590","https://openalex.org/W1978429424","https://openalex.org/W1979104110","https://openalex.org/W1989847651","https://openalex.org/W1990047999","https://openalex.org/W1992880122","https://openalex.org/W1996938647","https://openalex.org/W2000105466","https://openalex.org/W2002353897","https://openalex.org/W2009207944","https://openalex.org/W2009883934","https://openalex.org/W2025845560","https://openalex.org/W2033277483","https://openalex.org/W2038657919","https://openalex.org/W2055124854","https://openalex.org/W2055866456","https://openalex.org/W2057227931","https://openalex.org/W2073257493","https://openalex.org/W2079783775","https://openalex.org/W2082385556","https://openalex.org/W2086618114","https://openalex.org/W2092919341","https://openalex.org/W2093696424","https://openalex.org/W2102491957","https://openalex.org/W2104783998","https://openalex.org/W2114826854","https://openalex.org/W2117180580","https://openalex.org/W2132513611","https://openalex.org/W2133816133","https://openalex.org/W2135255848","https://openalex.org/W2140627150","https://openalex.org/W2140797316","https://openalex.org/W2159047538","https://openalex.org/W2159544980","https://openalex.org/W2159965310","https://openalex.org/W2163514996","https://openalex.org/W2164558494","https://openalex.org/W2168356776","https://openalex.org/W2178394434","https://openalex.org/W2189004000","https://openalex.org/W2251141950","https://openalex.org/W2324062392","https://openalex.org/W2738384495","https://openalex.org/W2753666183","https://openalex.org/W2935955696","https://openalex.org/W3140810526","https://openalex.org/W4230630311","https://openalex.org/W4230705500","https://openalex.org/W4233691971","https://openalex.org/W4234536190","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4242555830","https://openalex.org/W4242558598","https://openalex.org/W4244340606","https://openalex.org/W4248308907","https://openalex.org/W4249695780","https://openalex.org/W4256402945","https://openalex.org/W4299947740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027384988","https://openalex.org/W2168640500","https://openalex.org/W2047091165","https://openalex.org/W2103945854","https://openalex.org/W590228074","https://openalex.org/W4235749078","https://openalex.org/W1917005690","https://openalex.org/W279527468","https://openalex.org/W2163438356","https://openalex.org/W2103833481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"models":[1,192,205],"of":[2,11,47,70,163,187,193,215,221],"concept":[3],"learning":[4,56,102,159,195,216],"generally":[5],"focus":[6],"on":[7,15,54],"deriving":[8],"statistical":[9],"properties":[10],"a":[12,88,107,139,212],"category":[13,18,55,150,194],"based":[14],"data":[16,117,173,224],"(i.e.,":[17],"members":[19],"and":[20,39,172,223],"the":[21,33,45,59,63,101,116,129,154,200,219,233],"features":[22,121,146],"that":[23,118,124,147,158,182,203,240],"describe":[24],"them)":[25],"but":[26],"fail":[27],"to":[28,32,82,100,235],"give":[29],"appropriate":[30],"weight":[31],"contact":[34],"between":[35],"people's":[36,48,164],"intuitive":[37,52,98,130,165],"theories":[38,53,99,166,171],"these":[40],"data.":[41],"Two":[42],"experiments":[43],"explored":[44],"role":[46],"prior":[49,189,242],"knowledge":[50,190,243],"or":[51,122],"by":[57,78,128,231],"manipulating":[58],"labels":[60],"associated":[61],"with":[62,167],"category.":[64],"Learning":[65,104],"differed":[66],"dramatically":[67],"when":[68,83,134],"categories":[69,92,135],"children's":[71],"drawings":[72],"were":[73,85],"meaningfully":[74,94],"labeled":[75,86,137],"(e.g.,":[76],"\u201cdone":[77],"creative":[79],"children\u201d)":[80],"compared":[81],"they":[84],"in":[87,109,115,138,169,217],"neutral":[89,140],"manner.":[90],"When":[91],"are":[93,136,196],"labeled,":[95],"people":[96,111,142],"bring":[97],"context.":[103],"then":[105],"involves":[106,160],"process":[108],"which":[110,170,218],"search":[112,143],"for":[113,144],"evidence":[114],"supports":[119],"abstract":[120],"hypotheses":[123],"have":[125,207],"been":[126],"activated":[127],"theories.":[131],"In":[132],"contrast,":[133],"manner,":[141],"simple":[145],"distinguish":[148],"one":[149],"from":[151],"another.":[152],"Importantly,":[153],"final":[155],"study":[156],"suggests":[157],"an":[161],"interaction":[162,220],"data,":[168],"mutually":[174],"influence":[175],"each":[176],"other.":[177],"The":[178,228],"results":[179,201,234],"strongly":[180],"suggest":[181,202],"straight\u2010forward,":[183],"relatively":[184],"modular":[185],"ways":[186],"incorporating":[188],"into":[191],"inadequate.":[197],"More":[198],"telling,":[199],"standard":[204],"may":[206],"fundamental":[208],"limitations.":[209],"We":[210],"outline":[211],"speculative":[213],"model":[214],"theory":[222],"is":[225],"tightly":[226],"coupled.":[227],"article":[229],"concludes":[230],"comparing":[232],"recent":[236],"artificial":[237],"intelligence":[238],"systems":[239],"use":[241],"during":[244],"learning.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}