{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4255371740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","title":"Machine Interpretation of Emotion: Design of a Memory\u2010Based Expert System for Interpreting Facial Expressions in Terms of Signaled Emotions","display_name":"Machine Interpretation of Emotion: Design of a Memory\u2010Based Expert System for Interpreting Facial Expressions in Terms of Signaled Emotions","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4255371740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111391661","display_name":"Garrett Kearney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Garrett D. Kearney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Garrett Kearney acknowledges financial support from the Science and Engineering Research Council","University of Greenwich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Garrett Kearney acknowledges financial support from the Science and Engineering Research Council","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Greenwich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001758184","display_name":"S. McKenzie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sati McKenzie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Greenwich"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Greenwich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111391661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.36402301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83593196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"589","last_page":"622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7151355743408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.62198406457901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6128530502319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.5942909717559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5696176886558533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.49864840507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38772904872894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34769606590270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.34570300579071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34422922134399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09556388854980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09392449259757996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7151355743408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.62198406457901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6128530502319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5942909717559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5696176886558533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.49864840507507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38772904872894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34769606590270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.34570300579071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34422922134399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09556388854980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09392449259757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1704_5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4255371740.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4255371740.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200918732","https://openalex.org/W1509349128","https://openalex.org/W1525136198","https://openalex.org/W1528162760","https://openalex.org/W1543347267","https://openalex.org/W1551790798","https://openalex.org/W1772034658","https://openalex.org/W1969736828","https://openalex.org/W1969776637","https://openalex.org/W1995555669","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2017599290","https://openalex.org/W2023976712","https://openalex.org/W2027406879","https://openalex.org/W2032361618","https://openalex.org/W2034887108","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2046999604","https://openalex.org/W2047905903","https://openalex.org/W2048388283","https://openalex.org/W2049019559","https://openalex.org/W2051037982","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2060798671","https://openalex.org/W2061165816","https://openalex.org/W2064333001","https://openalex.org/W2064891628","https://openalex.org/W2067950060","https://openalex.org/W2090254030","https://openalex.org/W2099634219","https://openalex.org/W2121828255","https://openalex.org/W2125546432","https://openalex.org/W2129091132","https://openalex.org/W2141208341","https://openalex.org/W2143197238","https://openalex.org/W2155970190","https://openalex.org/W2167637774","https://openalex.org/W2314912754","https://openalex.org/W2322190567","https://openalex.org/W2334021483","https://openalex.org/W2406498314","https://openalex.org/W2473479249","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W3149090782","https://openalex.org/W4233862346","https://openalex.org/W4237454176","https://openalex.org/W4241727697","https://openalex.org/W4246674497","https://openalex.org/W4298167821","https://openalex.org/W6631481791","https://openalex.org/W6720748212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183204001","https://openalex.org/W4327743144","https://openalex.org/W4388567440","https://openalex.org/W4313320911","https://openalex.org/W2607424049","https://openalex.org/W4245077728","https://openalex.org/W4390922876","https://openalex.org/W1965495149","https://openalex.org/W1571046024","https://openalex.org/W2642127892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,11,32,48,120],"first":[2],"step":[3],"in":[4,8,24,63,92,101,147],"involving":[5],"user":[6],"emotion":[7,54,95,106,148],"human\u2010computer":[9],"interaction,":[10],"memory\u2010based":[12],"expert":[13],"system":[14,115,123],"(JANUS;":[15],"Kearney,":[16],"1991)":[17],"was":[18],"designed":[19],"to":[20],"interpret":[21],"facial":[22],"expression":[23],"terms":[25,64,93],"of":[26,65,94,141],"the":[27,77,89,102,129,133],"signaled":[28],"emotion.":[29],"Anticipating":[30],"that":[31,104,132],"VDU\u2010mounted":[33],"camera":[34],"will":[35],"eventually":[36],"supply":[37],"face":[38,66,90],"parameters":[39],"automatically,":[40],"JANUS":[41],"now":[42],"accepts":[43],"manually":[44],"made":[45],"measurements":[46],"on":[47,119,128],"digitized":[49],"full\u2010face":[50],"photograph":[51],"and":[52],"returns":[53],"labels":[55,107],"used":[56],"by":[57],"college":[58,142],"students.":[59],"An":[60],"intermediate":[61],"representation":[62],"actions":[67,91],"(e.g.,":[68],"mouth":[69],"open)":[70],"is":[71,99],"also":[72],"used.":[73],"Production":[74],"rules":[75],"convert":[76],"geometry":[78],"into":[79],"these.":[80],"A":[81,113],"dynamic":[82,100],"memory":[83,98],"(Kolodner,":[84],"1984;":[85],"Schank,":[86],"1982)":[87],"interprets":[88],"labels.":[96],"The":[97],"sense":[103],"new":[105],"can":[108],"be":[109],"learned":[110],"with":[111,139],"experience.":[112],"prototype":[114,130],"has":[116],"been":[117],"implemented":[118],"Sun":[121],"2/120":[122],"using":[124],"POPLOG.":[125],"Validation":[126],"studies":[127],"suggest":[131],"interpretations":[134],"achieved":[135],"are":[136],"generally":[137],"consistent":[138],"those":[140],"students":[143],"without":[144],"formal":[145],"instruction":[146],"signals.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
