{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4253039474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","title":"How Experts Solve a Novel Problem in Experimental Design","display_name":"How Experts Solve a Novel Problem in Experimental Design","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4253039474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023770552","display_name":"Jan Maarten Schraagen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4467-7286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113124","display_name":"Human Factors (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/025k44790","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113124"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jan Maarten Schraagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["TNO Institute for Human Factors IZF"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TNO Institute for Human Factors IZF","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113124"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023770552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113124"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90509868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"285","last_page":"309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.7471612691879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7231248617172241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6689395904541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.6372299194335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.6149726510047913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4624709188938141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3227021098136902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1508621871471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.056770384311676025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7471612691879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7231248617172241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6689395904541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6372299194335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.6149726510047913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4624709188938141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3227021098136902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1508621871471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.056770384311676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1702_4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141370285","https://openalex.org/W240302486","https://openalex.org/W619563084","https://openalex.org/W1590296261","https://openalex.org/W1737802827","https://openalex.org/W1980169328","https://openalex.org/W1985453879","https://openalex.org/W1994925058","https://openalex.org/W2001564915","https://openalex.org/W2009407994","https://openalex.org/W2013094602","https://openalex.org/W2021536722","https://openalex.org/W2033080225","https://openalex.org/W2038799287","https://openalex.org/W2045300586","https://openalex.org/W2054680307","https://openalex.org/W2137014522","https://openalex.org/W2139252049","https://openalex.org/W2145731266","https://openalex.org/W2602752364","https://openalex.org/W2798445359","https://openalex.org/W4210544893","https://openalex.org/W4244837604","https://openalex.org/W4247559696","https://openalex.org/W4256109151","https://openalex.org/W4300718545","https://openalex.org/W4361835045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2433057514","https://openalex.org/W2370815826","https://openalex.org/W2373436826","https://openalex.org/W2167961874","https://openalex.org/W2035653613","https://openalex.org/W1583422155","https://openalex.org/W1649619740","https://openalex.org/W2086328289","https://openalex.org/W3213252596","https://openalex.org/W1534006406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"on":[1,7],"expert\u2010novice":[2],"differences":[3],"has":[4],"mainly":[5],"focused":[6],"how":[8],"experts":[9,24,74,131,148],"solve":[10,75],"familiar":[11,134,157],"problems.":[12],"We":[13],"know":[14],"far":[15],"less":[16],"about":[17],"the":[18,86,118,127,136,166],"skills":[19],"and":[20,113],"knowledge":[21,71,104,111],"used":[22],"by":[23,84,108,130],"when":[25,69,147],"they":[26,61],"are":[27,94,149],"confronted":[28,150],"with":[29,59,135,151,156],"novel":[30,77,152],"problems":[31,153],"within":[32,79],"their":[33,80,121,159,169],"area":[34,58,81],"of":[35,50,82,91,102,120,138,161,168,175],"expertise.":[36],"This":[37],"article":[38],"discusses":[39],"a":[40,76,89,97],"study":[41],"in":[42,56,96],"which":[43,60],"verbal":[44],"protocols":[45],"were":[46,62,133],"taken":[47],"from":[48],"subjects":[49],"various":[51],"expertise":[52,83],"designing":[53],"an":[54,57],"experiment":[55],"unfamiliar.":[63],"The":[64,100,143],"results":[65,144],"showed":[66],"that":[67,93,146],"even":[68],"domain":[70,103,176],"is":[72,105,123],"lacking,":[73],"problem":[78,87,139],"dividing":[85],"into":[88],"number":[90],"subproblems":[92],"solved":[95],"specified":[98],"order.":[99],"lack":[101,174],"compensated":[106],"for":[107],"using":[109],"abstract":[110],"structures":[112],"domain\u2010specific":[114],"heuristic":[115],"strategies.":[116],"However,":[117],"quality":[119,128],"solutions":[122],"considerably":[124],"lower":[125],"than":[126],"attained":[129],"who":[132],"type":[137],"to":[140,173],"be":[141],"solved.":[142],"suggest":[145],"as":[154],"compared":[155],"problems,":[158],"form":[160],"reasoning":[162,170],"remains":[163],"intact,":[164],"but":[165],"content":[167],"suffers":[171],"due":[172],"knowledge.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
