{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044132121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","title":"Schema Creation in Programming","display_name":"Schema Creation in Programming","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044132121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","mag":"2044132121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075142154","display_name":"Robert S. Rist","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert S. Rist","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","Univ. of Technology/Sydney (Australia)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Technology/Sydney (Australia)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075142154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":205,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99348534,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"389","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7693338394165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.7367264628410339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-schema","display_name":"Conceptual schema","score":0.5699288249015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.5252159237861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.5190578103065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-plan","display_name":"Project plan","score":0.43081721663475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.420652836561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.41328173875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.39186060428619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.19703856110572815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7693338394165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.7367264628410339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29275276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268965","display_name":"Conceptual schema","level":3,"score":0.5699288249015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5252159237861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5190578103065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779828032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437778","display_name":"Project plan","level":3,"score":0.43081721663475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.420652836561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41328173875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39186060428619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.19703856110572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165611974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5531015","display_name":"Gender schema theory","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.463.4841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.463.4841","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/1989v13/i03/p0389p0414/MAIN.PDF","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog1303_3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2044132121.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W271206","https://openalex.org/W17667879","https://openalex.org/W202909246","https://openalex.org/W353888125","https://openalex.org/W1492518088","https://openalex.org/W1505145752","https://openalex.org/W1541866506","https://openalex.org/W1588692093","https://openalex.org/W1607666861","https://openalex.org/W2014127188","https://openalex.org/W2014132843","https://openalex.org/W2014243053","https://openalex.org/W2038799287","https://openalex.org/W2044754442","https://openalex.org/W2051669404","https://openalex.org/W2069117635","https://openalex.org/W2071201688","https://openalex.org/W2117336060","https://openalex.org/W2118398801","https://openalex.org/W2133764456","https://openalex.org/W2138432297","https://openalex.org/W2145731266","https://openalex.org/W2612360245","https://openalex.org/W2747632778","https://openalex.org/W3137125456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W629399385","https://openalex.org/W39310976","https://openalex.org/W1985157031","https://openalex.org/W2360992999","https://openalex.org/W101905311","https://openalex.org/W3163421923","https://openalex.org/W10742908","https://openalex.org/W2151469757","https://openalex.org/W2368746252","https://openalex.org/W2613904075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,121,146],"creation":[1,59,152],"of":[2,12,27,63,75,96,165,171,184],"plan":[3,71,77,97,104,113,122,139],"schemes":[4],"is":[5,86,105,130],"examined":[6],"in":[7,117,132,137,142,161,190],"a":[8,25,61,112],"naturalistic,":[9],"longitudinal":[10],"study":[11],"problem":[13,119,198],"solving.":[14,120],"Ten":[15],"novice":[16,172],"programmers":[17],"each":[18],"wrote":[19],"eight":[20],"Pascal":[21],"programs":[22],"to":[23,33,41,54,69,88,153,196],"solve":[24],"series":[26],"problems.":[28],"Their":[29],"protocols":[30],"were":[31,52],"analyzed":[32],"determine":[34],"how":[35,48],"declarative":[36],"programming":[37],"knowledge":[38,193],"was":[39,158,194],"used":[40,53],"create":[42,55,89],"simple":[43,50],"procedural":[44],"program":[45],"plans,":[46],"and":[47,115],"the":[49,67,70,76,81,90,100,103,135,143,162,166,197],"plans":[51],"complex":[56],"plans.":[57],"Plan":[58],"showed":[60,175],"process":[62],"backward":[64,94,149],"development,":[65,178],"from":[66,99,148],"goal":[68],"focus,":[72],"that":[73,78],"port":[74],"directly":[79],"implements":[80],"goal.":[82],"Once":[83,102],"defined;":[84],"it":[85,107,129],"expanded":[87],"complete":[91],"plan,":[92],"showing":[93],"development":[95,127,150,155],"parts":[98],"focus.":[101],"complete,":[106],"may":[108],"be":[109],"stored":[110],"as":[111,128,181],"schema":[114,133,192],"retrieved":[116],"subsequent":[118],"will":[123],"then":[124],"show":[125],"forward":[126,154,177],"implemented":[131],"order,":[134],"order":[136],"which":[138,174,191],"pieces":[140],"occur":[141],"finished":[144],"program.":[145],"change":[147],"during":[151],"after":[156],"retrieval":[157],"strongly":[159],"evident":[160],"statistical":[163],"analysis":[164],"protocol":[167],"data.":[168],"Previous":[169],"studies":[170],"programming,":[173],"only":[176],"ore":[179],"explained":[180],"special":[182],"cases":[183,189],"this":[185],"more":[186],"general":[187],"model,":[188],"available":[195],"solver.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
