{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104783998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1103_3","title":"Constraints and Preferences in Inductive Learning: An Experimental Study of Human and Machine Performance","display_name":"Constraints and Preferences in Inductive Learning: An Experimental Study of Human and Machine Performance","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104783998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1103_3","mag":"2104783998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1103_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1103_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038953603","display_name":"Douglas L. Medin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-7202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas L. Medin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois","Univ. of Illinois, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Illinois, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090077667","display_name":"William D. Wattenmaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William D. Wattenmaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois","Univ. of Illinois, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Illinois, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108082211","display_name":"Ryszard S. Michalski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryszard S. Michalski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois","Univ. of Illinois, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Illinois, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038953603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5156,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98026871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"299","last_page":"339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.953499972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.953499972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9408000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9121999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.6872684955596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-bias","display_name":"Inductive bias","score":0.6770983934402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-reasoning","display_name":"Inductive reasoning","score":0.6657953858375549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6187331676483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.541449785232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5336105823516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5240060091018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5234678983688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5139970183372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplicity","display_name":"Simplicity","score":0.4537619948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-induction","display_name":"Rule induction","score":0.4312702417373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-learning","display_name":"Concept learning","score":0.4188234210014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3667140007019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.31956833600997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"Multi-task learning","score":0.3094250559806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3006441295146942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.11668780446052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.0910203754901886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6872684955596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197352929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074074","display_name":"Inductive bias","level":4,"score":0.6770983934402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21563000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484511","display_name":"Inductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.6657953858375549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6187331676483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.541449785232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5336105823516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5240060091018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5234678983688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5139970183372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.4537619948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776780472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378945","display_name":"Rule induction","level":2,"score":0.4312702417373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48164120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4491893","display_name":"Concept learning","level":2,"score":0.4188234210014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3667140007019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31956833600997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.3094250559806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3006441295146942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.11668780446052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0910203754901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1103_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1103_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.115.5568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.5568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://grouchy.cs.indiana.edu/~dasulliv/Orals/medinwatt.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751752","https://openalex.org/W19427811","https://openalex.org/W197602000","https://openalex.org/W206794860","https://openalex.org/W628721210","https://openalex.org/W1488252886","https://openalex.org/W1493596129","https://openalex.org/W1536163009","https://openalex.org/W1543775336","https://openalex.org/W1570286060","https://openalex.org/W1634651596","https://openalex.org/W1635606178","https://openalex.org/W1937795883","https://openalex.org/W1976019783","https://openalex.org/W1983963316","https://openalex.org/W1985180077","https://openalex.org/W1998772791","https://openalex.org/W2002353897","https://openalex.org/W2014089538","https://openalex.org/W2021392223","https://openalex.org/W2032026209","https://openalex.org/W2036599220","https://openalex.org/W2043343155","https://openalex.org/W2052519853","https://openalex.org/W2059975159","https://openalex.org/W2067642555","https://openalex.org/W2078828996","https://openalex.org/W2083599499","https://openalex.org/W2083769815","https://openalex.org/W2089303192","https://openalex.org/W2089488175","https://openalex.org/W2094570298","https://openalex.org/W2112824158","https://openalex.org/W2132513611","https://openalex.org/W2152262179","https://openalex.org/W2159746264","https://openalex.org/W2159965310","https://openalex.org/W2177085946","https://openalex.org/W2950416202","https://openalex.org/W3035258717","https://openalex.org/W3211952227","https://openalex.org/W4233735265","https://openalex.org/W4242757921","https://openalex.org/W4244340606","https://openalex.org/W4247466004","https://openalex.org/W4392472738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287773438","https://openalex.org/W2071654679","https://openalex.org/W3184875337","https://openalex.org/W3104240813","https://openalex.org/W1551892073","https://openalex.org/W2067575185","https://openalex.org/W4240270029","https://openalex.org/W3209042722","https://openalex.org/W3023620424","https://openalex.org/W2009856409"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,34],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"constraints":[3,119],"and":[4,25,144,203],"preferences":[5],"employed":[6],"by":[7],"people":[8],"in":[9,120,125,129],"learning":[10,32,148],"decision":[11],"rules":[12],"from":[13,17,108,146,200,208],"preclassified":[14],"examples.":[15],"Results":[16],"four":[18],"experiments":[19,149],"with":[20,27],"human":[21,160],"subjects":[22],"were":[23,174],"analyzed":[24],"compared":[26],"artificial":[28],"intelligence":[29],"(AI)":[30],"inductive":[31,147,161],"programs.":[33,81],"results":[35,145,157],"showed":[36],"the":[37,79,83,106,156,175,188],"people's":[38],"rule":[39,88,205],"inductions":[40],"tended":[41],"to":[42,73,115,187],"emphasize":[43],"category":[44,66,201],"validity":[45,56],"(probability":[46,57],"of":[47,64,86,105,122,131],"some":[48,71],"property,":[49],"given":[50,67],"a":[51,62,65,74,97,102],"category)":[52],"more":[53],"than":[54,77,128,167],"cue":[55],"that":[58,68,159,190,196],"an":[59],"entity":[60],"is":[61],"member":[63],"it":[69],"has":[70],"property)":[72],"greater":[75,165],"extent":[76],"did":[78],"AI":[80,136],"Although":[82],"relative":[84],"proportions":[85],"different":[87],"types":[89],"(e.g.,":[90],"conjunctive":[91],"vs.":[92],"disjunctive)":[93],"changed":[94],"across":[95],"experiments,":[96],"single":[98],"process":[99,142],"model":[100],"provided":[101],"good":[103],"account":[104],"data":[107],"each":[109],"study.":[110],"These":[111],"observations":[112],"are":[113],"used":[114],"argue":[116],"for":[117],"describing":[118],"terms":[121,130],"processes":[123],"embodied":[124],"models":[126,143],"rather":[127],"products":[132],"or":[133],"outputs.":[134],"Thus":[135],"induction":[137,206],"programs":[138],"become":[139],"candidate":[140],"psychological":[141],"can":[150],"suggest":[151],"new":[152],"algorithms.":[153],"More":[154],"generally,":[155],"show":[158],"generalizations":[162],"tend":[163],"toward":[164,182],"specificity":[166,183],"would":[168],"be":[169,185,198],"expected":[170],"if":[171],"conceptual":[172],"simplicity":[173],"key":[176],"constraint":[177],"on":[178],"inductions.":[179],"This":[180],"bias":[181],"may":[184,197],"due":[186],"fact":[189],"this":[191],"criterion":[192],"both":[193],"maximizes":[194],"inferences":[195],"drawn":[199],"membership":[202],"protects":[204],"systems":[207],"developing":[209],"over\u2010generalizations.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
