{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075996961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","title":"Meta\u2010Planning: Representing and Using Knowledge About Planning in Problem Solving and Natural Language Understanding*","display_name":"Meta\u2010Planning: Representing and Using Knowledge About Planning in Problem Solving and Natural Language Understanding*","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075996961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","mag":"2075996961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109067142","display_name":"Robert Wilensky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Wilensky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Division, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley","Computer Science Division, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Division, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Division, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109067142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.2393,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.996647,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"197","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6862733364105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planner","display_name":"Planner","score":0.652649462223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.6289503574371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-planning-and-scheduling","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","score":0.5825682878494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5266625285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-system-planning","display_name":"Business system planning","score":0.516068160533905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-design-and-planning","display_name":"Environmental design and planning","score":0.49817419052124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.46560293436050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3266887664794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.24517270922660828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-planning","display_name":"Land-use planning","score":0.1915096938610077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14606869220733643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0891467034816742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6862733364105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776999362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349274","display_name":"Planner","level":2,"score":0.652649462223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6289503574371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114073186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631895","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","level":2,"score":0.5825682878494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5266625285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18465707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5001797","display_name":"Business system planning","level":2,"score":0.516068160533905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98940541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000091","display_name":"Environmental design and planning","level":4,"score":0.49817419052124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.46560293436050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3266887664794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.24517270922660828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184603391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60738778","display_name":"Land-use planning","level":3,"score":0.1915096938610077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14606869220733643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0891467034816742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1207/s15516709cog0503_2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W309616551","https://openalex.org/W1493525335","https://openalex.org/W1519735925","https://openalex.org/W1537885015","https://openalex.org/W1565691753","https://openalex.org/W1578830675","https://openalex.org/W1604613482","https://openalex.org/W1613651675","https://openalex.org/W1981627423","https://openalex.org/W1999987460","https://openalex.org/W2072868498","https://openalex.org/W2138162238","https://openalex.org/W2159128165","https://openalex.org/W2167112932","https://openalex.org/W2333196491","https://openalex.org/W2337392266","https://openalex.org/W2402164836","https://openalex.org/W4249258521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381278952","https://openalex.org/W2146449547","https://openalex.org/W618994464","https://openalex.org/W2113504503","https://openalex.org/W4312310300","https://openalex.org/W2025460523","https://openalex.org/W2135579723","https://openalex.org/W1971042975","https://openalex.org/W2044744859","https://openalex.org/W1481139863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,27],"paper":[1],"is":[2,50,59],"concerned":[3],"with":[4,52],"those":[5],"elements":[6],"of":[7,62,75,129,166,184,208],"planning":[8,28,44,67,95],"knowledge":[9,29,41,64,106,140,223],"that":[10,60,97,193,211],"are":[11,194,212],"common":[12],"to":[13,111,155,188,191,198,214,220],"both":[14,145,151],"understanding":[15,93,136,230],"someone":[16],"else's":[17],"plan":[18,22],"and":[19,40,78,82,94,101,135,148,150,232,237],"creating":[20],"a":[21,118,127,146,185,228,234],"for":[23],"one's":[24],"own":[25],"use.":[26],"can":[30,70,86],"be":[31,71,88,142,153,189],"divided":[32],"into":[33,224],"two":[34,225],"bodies:":[35],"Knowledge":[36],"about":[37,42,65],"the":[38,43,53,63,66,91,104,164,181,206],"world,":[39],"process":[45,68,98],"itself.":[46],"Our":[47],"interest":[48],"here":[49],"primarily":[51],"latter":[54],"corpus.":[55],"The":[56,138],"central":[57],"thesis":[58],"much":[61,113],"itself":[69],"formulated":[72],"in":[73,117,162],"terms":[74],"higher\u2010level":[76],"goals":[77,100],"plans":[79],"called":[80],"meta\u2010goals":[81],"meta\u2010plans.":[83],"These":[84],"entities":[85],"then":[87],"used":[89],"by":[90,144],"same":[92,139],"mechanisms":[96,110],"ordinary":[99],"plans.":[102],"However,":[103],"meta\u2010planning":[105,124,167,204,222],"now":[107],"enables":[108],"these":[109],"handle":[112,156],"more":[114,172],"complicated":[115],"situations":[116,158,192,210],"uniform":[119],"manner.":[120],"Systems":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123],"would":[125,152],"have":[126,218],"number":[128],"advantages":[130,170],"over":[131,171],"existing":[132],"problem":[133,186,235],"solving":[134,236],"systems.":[137],"could":[141],"shared":[143],"planner":[147],"understander,":[149],"able":[154],"complex":[157],"elegantly.":[159],"In":[160,202],"addition,":[161,203],"planning,":[163],"use":[165],"has":[168],"several":[169],"traditional":[173],"methods":[174],"involving":[175],"constraints":[176],"or":[177],"critics.":[178],"Meta\u2010planning":[179],"allows":[180],"full":[182],"power":[183],"solver":[187],"applied":[190],"generally":[195],"amenable":[196],"only":[197],"special":[199],"purpose":[200],"processing.":[201],"facilitates":[205],"representation":[207],"some":[209],"difficult":[213],"express":[215],"otherwise.":[216],"We":[217],"begun":[219],"introduce":[221],"systems:":[226],"PAM,":[227],"story":[229],"program,":[231],"PANDORA,":[233],"plannin\u0308g":[238],"system.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}