{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105952075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci2104_1","title":"Experimental Evaluations of the Twiddler One-Handed Chording Mobile Keyboard","display_name":"Experimental Evaluations of the Twiddler One-Handed Chording Mobile Keyboard","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105952075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci2104_1","mag":"2105952075"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327051hci2104_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci2104_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022985918","display_name":"Kent Lyons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8635-6363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kent Lyons","raw_affiliation_strings":["GVU Center, Atlanta, GA and Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GVU Center, Atlanta, GA and Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045801671","display_name":"Thad\ufeff Starner\ufeff\ufeff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-7842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thad Starner","raw_affiliation_strings":["GVU Center, Atlanta, GA and Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GVU Center, Atlanta, GA and Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002839762","display_name":"Brian D. Gane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4454-569X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Gane","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Atlanta, GA and Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Atlanta, GA and Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022985918"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9291,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85437925,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"343","last_page":"392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/words-per-minute","display_name":"Words per minute","score":0.7542353868484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.7025160789489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing","display_name":"Typing","score":0.6343387365341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5262236595153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-entry","display_name":"Text entry","score":0.5235171914100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-difference","display_name":"Significant difference","score":0.48486050963401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.46142131090164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.40801024436950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36517366766929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.32310348749160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.24256059527397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.2328311800956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10858911275863647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09850329160690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.09175950288772583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777970837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569389","display_name":"Words per minute","level":3,"score":0.7542353868484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.7025160789489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781209916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3215756","display_name":"Typing","level":2,"score":0.6343387365341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5262236595153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988504831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192366","display_name":"Text entry","level":2,"score":0.5235171914100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.48486050963401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.46142131090164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.40801024436950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36517366766929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.32310348749160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.24256059527397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2328311800956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10858911275863647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09850329160690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.09175950288772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327051hci2104_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci2104_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486044746","https://openalex.org/W1523813253","https://openalex.org/W1535432981","https://openalex.org/W1537526465","https://openalex.org/W1589627135","https://openalex.org/W1592598395","https://openalex.org/W1851019816","https://openalex.org/W1980513660","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W1998575585","https://openalex.org/W2008501021","https://openalex.org/W2025791332","https://openalex.org/W2027307421","https://openalex.org/W2058444391","https://openalex.org/W2060236186","https://openalex.org/W2067647081","https://openalex.org/W2080910881","https://openalex.org/W2094440392","https://openalex.org/W2099287431","https://openalex.org/W2103751734","https://openalex.org/W2111175667","https://openalex.org/W2125904902","https://openalex.org/W2126480875","https://openalex.org/W2127293444","https://openalex.org/W2142434918","https://openalex.org/W2146099004","https://openalex.org/W2149219788","https://openalex.org/W2154677055","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2164552991","https://openalex.org/W2515478990","https://openalex.org/W4241199248","https://openalex.org/W6635086266","https://openalex.org/W6648519924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093211515","https://openalex.org/W3029584571","https://openalex.org/W1524883182","https://openalex.org/W2616317433","https://openalex.org/W1533498259","https://openalex.org/W2610552939","https://openalex.org/W4294068484","https://openalex.org/W2402269462","https://openalex.org/W2096938337","https://openalex.org/W3167084381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"HandyKey":[1],"Twiddler\u2122":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,11,21,27,76,150,207],"one-handed":[5,65],"chording":[6,66,100,208],"mobile":[7,23],"keyboard":[8],"that":[9,19,72,168],"employs":[10],"3":[12],"\u00d7":[13],"4":[14,85],"button":[15],"design,":[16],"similar":[17],"to":[18,139,188],"of":[20,30,54,57,64,114,124,135,143,159,164,170,184,206],"standard":[22],"telephone.":[24],"We":[25,70],"present":[26],"longitudinal":[28],"study":[29,108],"novice":[31,197],"users'":[32],"learning":[33,160],"rates":[34],"on":[35,67,101,161],"the":[36,68,87,93,102,140,144,157,181,201,204],"Twiddler.":[37,69,103],"Ten":[38],"participants":[39,96,105],"typed":[40,97],"for":[41,153],"20":[42,55,62],"sessions":[43,86],"using":[44],"2":[45],"different":[46],"text":[47,190],"entry":[48,191],"methods.":[49],"Each":[50],"session":[51,95],"was":[52],"composed":[53],"min":[56,63],"typing":[58,79,141,177],"with":[59,81,99,200],"multitap":[60],"and":[61,91,109,179],"found":[71],"users":[73],"initially":[74],"had":[75],"faster":[77,98],"average":[78,112,133],"rate":[80,113,134,142],"multitap;":[82],"however,":[83],"after":[84,120],"difference":[88],"became":[89],"negligible,":[90],"by":[92],"8th":[94],"Five":[104],"continued":[106],"our":[107],"achieved":[110,131],"an":[111,132],"47":[115],"words":[116],"per":[117],"minute":[118],"(wpm)":[119],"approximately":[121],"25":[122],"hr":[123],"practice":[125],"in":[126],"varying":[127],"conditions.":[128],"One":[129],"participant":[130],"67":[136],"wpm,":[137],"equivalent":[138],"2nd":[145],"author,":[146],"who":[147],"has":[148],"been":[149],"Twiddler":[151,202],"user":[152],"10":[154],"years.We":[155],"analyze":[156],"effects":[158],"various":[162],"aspects":[163],"chording,":[165],"provide":[166],"evidence":[167],"lack":[169],"visual":[171],"feedback":[172],"does":[173],"not":[174],"hinder":[175],"expert":[176],"speed,":[178],"examine":[180],"potential":[182],"use":[183,205],"multicharacter":[185],"chords":[186],"(MCCs)":[187],"increase":[189],"speed.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"we":[194],"explore":[195],"improving":[196],"user's":[198],"experience":[199],"through":[203],"tutorial.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}