{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2121965518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1","title":"When the Interface Is a Face","display_name":"When the Interface Is a Face","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2121965518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1","mag":"2121965518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019535159","display_name":"Lee Sproull","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee Sproull","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management; Boston University; Boston; MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management; Boston University; Boston; MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036368693","display_name":"Mani Subramani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-3489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mani Subramani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management; Boston University; Boston; MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management; Boston University; Boston; MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111980175","display_name":"Sara Kiesler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Kiesler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103259150","display_name":"Janet Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-2671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122731","display_name":"Digital Wave (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t3fqk56","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janet Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Equipment Corporation, Cambridge, MA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Equipment Corporation, Cambridge, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122731"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110233037","display_name":"Keith Waters","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Waters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Equipment Corporation, Cambridge Research Laboratory, Cambridge, MA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Equipment Corporation, Cambridge Research Laboratory, Cambridge, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019535159"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":391,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.978749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"97","last_page":"124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13841","display_name":"Psychology of Social Influence","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12214","display_name":"Media Influence and Health","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6808400750160217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persona","display_name":"Persona","score":0.6475958228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6341316103935242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facilitation","display_name":"Facilitation","score":0.5983653664588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5882006883621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5229173898696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5028855204582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.47423431277275085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.4627992808818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presentation","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","score":0.46147629618644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45354169607162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-facilitation","display_name":"Social facilitation","score":0.4456242620944977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3976948857307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.08841323852539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.06643012166023254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6808400750160217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C313442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778556","display_name":"Persona","level":2,"score":0.6475958228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6341316103935242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1337776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941955","display_name":"Facilitation","level":2,"score":0.5983653664588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5882006883621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5229173898696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5028855204582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.47423431277275085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.4627992808818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.46147629618644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45354169607162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37310437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1535412","display_name":"Social facilitation","level":2,"score":0.4456242620944977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3976948857307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08841323852539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.06643012166023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69388495","https://openalex.org/W86417571","https://openalex.org/W93247917","https://openalex.org/W958725275","https://openalex.org/W1539516100","https://openalex.org/W1561675402","https://openalex.org/W1966279822","https://openalex.org/W1973492505","https://openalex.org/W1974643247","https://openalex.org/W1980112203","https://openalex.org/W1986551946","https://openalex.org/W1995808007","https://openalex.org/W1998188725","https://openalex.org/W2004406402","https://openalex.org/W2004967682","https://openalex.org/W2010303732","https://openalex.org/W2017883632","https://openalex.org/W2022194925","https://openalex.org/W2024680211","https://openalex.org/W2027131252","https://openalex.org/W2029404074","https://openalex.org/W2042003395","https://openalex.org/W2060312376","https://openalex.org/W2066259596","https://openalex.org/W2067332378","https://openalex.org/W2074381583","https://openalex.org/W2080873648","https://openalex.org/W2092507476","https://openalex.org/W2102157173","https://openalex.org/W2112691601","https://openalex.org/W2125940695","https://openalex.org/W2131530213","https://openalex.org/W2132172443","https://openalex.org/W2134342348","https://openalex.org/W2138930657","https://openalex.org/W2146314254","https://openalex.org/W2156897926","https://openalex.org/W2164942343","https://openalex.org/W2297612634","https://openalex.org/W2320938771","https://openalex.org/W2321205984","https://openalex.org/W2491492181","https://openalex.org/W2566958491","https://openalex.org/W2752131998","https://openalex.org/W3001796748","https://openalex.org/W3004513510","https://openalex.org/W3021911430","https://openalex.org/W4211202463","https://openalex.org/W4231114907","https://openalex.org/W4234908116","https://openalex.org/W6641894152","https://openalex.org/W6665611099","https://openalex.org/W6679822280","https://openalex.org/W6683034941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389665146","https://openalex.org/W2054780009","https://openalex.org/W2057697413","https://openalex.org/W2803593556","https://openalex.org/W2747542549","https://openalex.org/W2150262029","https://openalex.org/W2066350225","https://openalex.org/W2348517642","https://openalex.org/W2480137527","https://openalex.org/W2144223022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"People":[1,17],"behave":[2,20],"differently":[3,21],"in":[4,68,108],"the":[5],"presence":[6],"of":[7,76],"other":[8],"people":[9,98],"than":[10],"they":[11,14,59,65],"do":[12],"when":[13,22],"are":[15,60],"alone.":[16],"also":[18],"may":[19,103],"designers":[23],"introduce":[24],"more":[25,61,70,96],"human-like":[26],"qualities":[27],"into":[28],"computer":[29,93],"interfaces.":[30],"In":[31],"an":[32],"experimental":[33],"study":[34],"we":[35],"demonstrate":[36],"that":[37,91],"people's":[38],"responses":[39,47],"to":[40,48,57,83,110],"a":[41,49,69],"talking-face":[42],"interface":[43],"differ":[44],"from":[45],"their":[46,105],"text-display":[50],"interface.":[51],"They":[52],"attribute":[53],"some":[54],"personality":[55],"traits":[56],"it;":[58,64],"aroused":[62],"by":[63],"present":[66],"themselves":[67],"positive":[71],"light.":[72],"We":[73,89],"use":[74,100],"theories":[75],"person":[77],"perception,":[78],"social":[79],"facilitation,":[80],"and":[81,85],"self-presentation":[82],"predict":[84],"interpret":[86],"these":[87],"results.":[88],"suggest":[90],"as":[92],"interfaces":[94,102],"become":[95],"\"human-like,\"":[97],"who":[99],"those":[101],"change":[104],"own":[106],"personas":[107],"response":[109],"them.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}