{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2015591251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0803_3","title":"Project Ernestine: Validating a GOMS Analysis for Predicting and Explaining Real-World Task Performance","display_name":"Project Ernestine: Validating a GOMS Analysis for Predicting and Explaining Real-World Task Performance","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2015591251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0803_3","mag":"2015591251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0803_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0803_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018754380","display_name":"Wayne D. Gray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1704-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fordham University New York NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fordham University New York NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113601201","display_name":"Bonnie E. John","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bonnie John","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001113596","display_name":"Michael E. Atwood","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Atwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["NYNEX Science & Technology, Inc., White Plains, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYNEX Science & Technology, Inc., White Plains, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.4202,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":431,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99792346,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"237","last_page":"309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workstation","display_name":"Workstation","score":0.8012733459472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7472392916679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6041129231452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.517363965511322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.49498671293258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.452881395816803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42426127195358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35410672426223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08353003859519958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67953723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192525","display_name":"Workstation","level":2,"score":0.8012733459472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7472392916679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6041129231452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.517363965511322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.49498671293258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.452881395816803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42426127195358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35410672426223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08353003859519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0803_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0803_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6619582","https://openalex.org/W1489898000","https://openalex.org/W1502491548","https://openalex.org/W1542930229","https://openalex.org/W1684463090","https://openalex.org/W1969640700","https://openalex.org/W1983122182","https://openalex.org/W1994378310","https://openalex.org/W2000919228","https://openalex.org/W2012837176","https://openalex.org/W2014439598","https://openalex.org/W2021794857","https://openalex.org/W2033909446","https://openalex.org/W2042758353","https://openalex.org/W2049114856","https://openalex.org/W2050566676","https://openalex.org/W2081428746","https://openalex.org/W2083732815","https://openalex.org/W2085067988","https://openalex.org/W2090179842","https://openalex.org/W2123143098","https://openalex.org/W2135428517","https://openalex.org/W2179427518","https://openalex.org/W2207077738","https://openalex.org/W2320642314","https://openalex.org/W2789814620","https://openalex.org/W3216143596","https://openalex.org/W4239127880","https://openalex.org/W4242339709","https://openalex.org/W6629866860","https://openalex.org/W6804258247","https://openalex.org/W6822869640","https://openalex.org/W6990445560","https://openalex.org/W7074677811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967186235","https://openalex.org/W2045348955","https://openalex.org/W2352028719","https://openalex.org/W2584886384","https://openalex.org/W2378667902","https://openalex.org/W2791088446","https://openalex.org/W2125564439","https://openalex.org/W2052769075","https://openalex.org/W2134078163","https://openalex.org/W88892441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Project":[0],"Ernestine":[1],"served":[2],"a":[3,8,29,68,74,121,215],"pragmatic":[4],"as":[5,7,170,172],"well":[6,171],"scientific":[9],"goal:":[10],"to":[11,27,39,76,195,210],"compare":[12],"the":[13,44,50,57,79,98,104,138,143,150,163,173,178,183,190,193,197,204,212],"worktimes":[14],"of":[15,70,167,177,185,192,214],"telephone":[16],"company":[17],"toll":[18],"and":[19,26,34,43,119,127,154,165,175,188,218],"assistance":[20],"operators":[21],"on":[22,130,137],"two":[23,152],"different":[24],"workstations":[25],"validate":[28],"GOMS":[30,41,80,147,186,205],"analysis":[31],"for":[32],"predicting":[33],"explaining":[35],"real-world":[36],"performance.":[37],"Contrary":[38],"expectations,":[40],"predicted":[42,82,149],"data":[45,89,129],"confirmed":[46],"that":[47,97,108,123,135],"performance":[48,64,83,136],"with":[49,56,84,92,116],"proposed":[51],"workstation":[52,100,140,217],"was":[53,101,111],"slower":[54,102],"than":[55,103],"current":[58],"one.":[59],"Pragmatically,":[60],"this":[61,109,159],"increase":[62],"in":[63],"time":[65],"translates":[66],"into":[67],"cost":[69],"almost":[71],"$2":[72],"million":[73],"year":[75],"NYNEX.":[77],"Scientifically,":[78],"models":[81,148,194,206],"exceptional":[85],"accuracy.":[86],"The":[87,146],"empirical":[88,198],"provided":[90],"us":[91],"three":[93],"interesting":[94],"results:":[95],"proof":[96,134],"new":[99,139,216],"old":[105],"one,":[106],"evidence":[107],"difference":[110],"not":[112],"constant":[113],"but":[114],"varied":[115],"call":[117],"category,":[118],"(in":[120],"trial":[122],"spanned":[124],"4":[125],"months":[126],"collected":[128],"72,450":[131],"phone":[132],"calls)":[133],"stabilized":[141],"after":[142],"first":[144,151],"month.":[145],"results":[153,166],"explained":[155],"all":[156],"three.":[157],"In":[158],"article,":[160],"we":[161,201],"discuss":[162],"process":[164],"model":[168],"building":[169],"design":[174,213,220],"outcome":[176],"field":[179],"trial.":[180],"We":[181],"assess":[182],"accuracy":[184],"predictions":[187],"use":[189],"mechanisms":[191],"explain":[196],"results.":[199],"Last,":[200],"demonstrate":[202],"how":[203],"can":[207],"be":[208],"used":[209],"guide":[211],"evaluate":[219],"decisions":[221],"before":[222],"they":[223],"are":[224],"implemented.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
