{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411512729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","title":"An Unsupervised Fake News Detection Framework Based on Structural Contrastive Learning","display_name":"An Unsupervised Fake News Detection Framework Based on Structural Contrastive Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411512729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021637617","display_name":"Yajie Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1529-7110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yajie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems and Computation, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","Key Laboratory for Wisdom Mine Information Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems and Computation, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Wisdom Mine Information Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008541774","display_name":"Shujuan Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2650-0161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujuan Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Wisdom Mine Information Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Wisdom Mine Information Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101863834","display_name":"Xianwen Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1399-4070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184681353","display_name":"Anhui University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q9atg80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianwen Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Early Warning Technology of Coal Mine Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Early Warning Technology of Coal Mine Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062947858","display_name":"Dickson K.W. Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-9568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dickson K. W. Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101794970","display_name":"Ning Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6503-5912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Wisdom Mine Information Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Wisdom Mine Information Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022683388","display_name":"Ho-fung Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-2934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hofung Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101863834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0194,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96685627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.958899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7775787115097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.6966010332107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6348226070404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5749800801277161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pace","display_name":"Pace","score":0.5624480247497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49131909012794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.46793124079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.45159292221069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42789697647094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15160465240478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.09959626197814941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7775787115097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.6966010332107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6348226070404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5749800801277161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.5624480247497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49131909012794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.46793124079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.45159292221069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42789697647094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15160465240478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.09959626197814941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d86a646dd11f44179bf90e5535dc36d2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d86a646dd11f44179bf90e5535dc36d2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00342-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1219697082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020MF044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G322201430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71772107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3585299216","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023MF070","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6120252906","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR202102230289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4567033419","display_name":"Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership","ror":"https://ror.org/04qj6xg77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064345278","https://openalex.org/W2076959242","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2724523750","https://openalex.org/W2742144412","https://openalex.org/W2742330194","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2798787718","https://openalex.org/W2911631579","https://openalex.org/W2950720493","https://openalex.org/W2963416784","https://openalex.org/W2968844645","https://openalex.org/W2995822546","https://openalex.org/W2996268457","https://openalex.org/W2997128522","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3011186656","https://openalex.org/W3034027410","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3080378555","https://openalex.org/W3083982479","https://openalex.org/W3090676761","https://openalex.org/W3101283776","https://openalex.org/W3126106273","https://openalex.org/W3152994406","https://openalex.org/W3155963088","https://openalex.org/W3156636935","https://openalex.org/W3171007011","https://openalex.org/W3176284605","https://openalex.org/W3198695656","https://openalex.org/W4200069439","https://openalex.org/W4200373042","https://openalex.org/W4210786858","https://openalex.org/W4213062306","https://openalex.org/W4220669265","https://openalex.org/W4221093564","https://openalex.org/W4308749202","https://openalex.org/W4309185049","https://openalex.org/W4386590154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386723501","https://openalex.org/W2387879414","https://openalex.org/W2390304029","https://openalex.org/W2354923724","https://openalex.org/W2146830340","https://openalex.org/W2377101853","https://openalex.org/W2362180844","https://openalex.org/W2105573916","https://openalex.org/W2378405797","https://openalex.org/W4288601434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recently,":[1],"fake":[2,19,29,60,98],"news":[3,20,30,43,61,99,113],"detection":[4,62,100],"on":[5,103,135],"social":[6],"media":[7],"(SM)":[8],"has":[9,31,150],"attracted":[10],"a":[11,22,33,49,95],"lot":[12],"of":[13,18,28,41,70,112,125],"attention.":[14],"With":[15],"the":[16,25,42,56,109,123],"emergence":[17],"at":[21],"breakneck":[23],"pace,":[24],"massive":[26],"spread":[27],"had":[32],"serious":[34],"impact":[35],"in":[36,90],"our":[37,128,143],"society.":[38],"The":[39],"authenticity":[40],"is":[44,74],"questionable":[45],"and":[46,77,114,127,138,149],"there":[47],"exists":[48],"necessity":[50],"for":[51,55],"an":[52],"automated":[53],"tool":[54],"detection.":[57],"However,":[58],"most":[59],"methods":[63],"are":[64],"mainly":[65],"supervised,":[66],"requiring":[67],"huge":[68],"amounts":[69],"annotated":[71],"data,":[72],"which":[73,141],"time-consuming,":[75],"expensive,":[76],"almost":[78],"impossible":[79],"with":[80,87],"vast":[81],"new":[82],"SM":[83],"volume.":[84],"To":[85,121],"deal":[86],"this":[88,91],"problem,":[89],"paper,":[92],"we":[93,131],"propose":[94],"novel":[96],"unsupervised":[97,119],"framework":[101],"based":[102],"structural":[104],"contrastive":[105,115],"learning":[106,116],"by":[107],"combining":[108],"propagation":[110],"structure":[111],"to":[117],"achieve":[118],"training.":[120],"validate":[122,142],"influence":[124],"parameters":[126],"method\u2019s":[129],"performance,":[130],"design":[132],"experiment":[133],"sets":[134],"public":[136],"Twitter":[137],"Weibo":[139],"datasets,":[140],"approach":[144],"outperforms":[145],"current":[146],"baseline":[147],"ones":[148],"proper":[151],"robustness.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}