{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386001565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","title":"Joint optimization of energy trading and consensus mechanism in blockchain-empowered smart grids: a reinforcement learning approach","display_name":"Joint optimization of energy trading and consensus mechanism in blockchain-empowered smart grids: a reinforcement learning approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386001565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063712591","display_name":"Ruohan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5208-4555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruohan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Marketing Service Center (metrology center), Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Marketing Service Center (metrology center), Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101579073","display_name":"Yunlong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5821-7291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Marketing Service Center (metrology center), Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Marketing Service Center (metrology center), Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025124267","display_name":"Entang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6943-5068"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Entang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Luruan Digital Technology CO., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Luruan Digital Technology CO., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005045048","display_name":"Lixuan Che","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixuan Che","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lixuan Che is with Weifang Vocational College, Weifang, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lixuan Che is with Weifang Vocational College, Weifang, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109831141","display_name":"Hongwei Xin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Luruan Digital Technology CO., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Luruan Digital Technology CO., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115589185","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9593-6765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Marketing Service Center (metrology center), Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Marketing Service Center (metrology center), Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100617725","display_name":"Xueyao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4495-3853"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Luruan Digital Technology CO., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Luruan Digital Technology CO., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025124267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1214},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1214},"fwci":0.9059,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74070836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7247806787490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.653571367263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.6120436191558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5965594053268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5961617827415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.5044764280319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4454016089439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.4313167929649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.41175150871276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38432663679122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.33729177713394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.26604825258255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.21839869022369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11812892556190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.09964820742607117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7247806787490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.653571367263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.6120436191558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5965594053268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5961617827415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.5044764280319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4454016089439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.4313167929649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.41175150871276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38432663679122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.33729177713394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26604825258255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.21839869022369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11812892556190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09964820742607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e282ed3d25b843c0b8794778a9b2c261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e282ed3d25b843c0b8794778a9b2c261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00498-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386001565.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W813991061","https://openalex.org/W2070210896","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2300998911","https://openalex.org/W2503224385","https://openalex.org/W2808149160","https://openalex.org/W2855040158","https://openalex.org/W2911892655","https://openalex.org/W2913127416","https://openalex.org/W2914259667","https://openalex.org/W2925628724","https://openalex.org/W2933919363","https://openalex.org/W2945102769","https://openalex.org/W2963945185","https://openalex.org/W2996870144","https://openalex.org/W3009736950","https://openalex.org/W3036749975","https://openalex.org/W3045343796","https://openalex.org/W3107660166","https://openalex.org/W3137846090","https://openalex.org/W3163538767","https://openalex.org/W4210464014","https://openalex.org/W4226093231","https://openalex.org/W4226263557","https://openalex.org/W4246661673","https://openalex.org/W4290993888","https://openalex.org/W4312273859","https://openalex.org/W4312835009","https://openalex.org/W4313185505","https://openalex.org/W4313886597","https://openalex.org/W4376851412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102271161","https://openalex.org/W25702646","https://openalex.org/W4313425421","https://openalex.org/W2361883455","https://openalex.org/W2952832228","https://openalex.org/W2909324362","https://openalex.org/W2372868951","https://openalex.org/W570712888","https://openalex.org/W1555990437","https://openalex.org/W2136076430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Under":[1],"the":[2,7,32,37,65,130,133,144,160,163,166,171,184,207],"trend":[3],"of":[4,70,132,146,217],"green":[5],"development,":[6],"traditional":[8],"fossil":[9],"fuel":[10],"and":[11,20,57,68,73,100,112,119,169,190],"centralized":[12],"energy":[13,22,29,38,49,71,77,98,110,156,209],"management":[14],"models":[15],"are":[16,43],"no":[17],"longer":[18],"applicable,":[19],"distributed":[21,48],"systems":[23],"that":[24,95,151,206],"can":[25],"efficiently":[26],"utilize":[27],"clean":[28],"have":[30],"become":[31],"key":[33],"to":[34,63,75,79,106,115,123,128,142,149,182,195],"research":[35],"in":[36,47,60,81,126,200,215],"field":[39],"nowadays.":[40],"However,":[41],"there":[42],"still":[44],"many":[45],"problems":[46],"trading":[50,99,127,198,210],"systems,":[51],"such":[52],"as":[53],"user":[54],"privacy":[55],"protection":[56],"mutual":[58],"trust":[59],"trading,":[61],"how":[62,74],"ensure":[64,150],"high":[66],"quality":[67,155],"reliability":[69],"services,":[72],"motivate":[76],"suppliers":[78,114,148,168],"participate":[80,125],"trading.":[82],"To":[83,158],"solve":[84],"these":[85],"problems,":[86],"this":[87],"paper":[88],"proposes":[89],"a":[90,137],"blockchain-based":[91],"smart":[92],"grid":[93],"system":[94],"enables":[96],"efficient":[97],"consensus":[101,191],"optimization,":[102],"enabling":[103],"electricity":[104,113,147,152,167],"consumers":[105,153],"obtain":[107,196],"high-quality,":[108],"reliable":[109],"services":[111],"receive":[116,154],"rich":[117],"rewards,":[118],"motivating":[120],"all":[121],"parties":[122],"actively":[124],"maintain":[129],"balance":[131],"system.":[134],"We":[135],"propose":[136],"reputation":[138,145],"value":[139],"assessment":[140],"algorithm":[141,176],"evaluate":[143],"services.":[157],"minimize":[159],"cost,":[161],"maximize":[162],"benefit":[164],"for":[165],"optimize":[170],"system,":[172],"we":[173],"present":[174],"an":[175],"based":[177],"on":[178],"reinforcement":[179],"learning":[180],"DDPG":[181],"determine":[183],"power":[185,187,197],"supplier,":[186],"generation":[188],"capacity,":[189],"mechanism":[192],"between":[193],"nodes":[194],"rights":[199],"each":[201],"round.":[202],"Simulation":[203],"results":[204],"show":[205],"proposed":[208],"scheme":[211],"has":[212],"good":[213],"performance":[214],"terms":[216],"rewards.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
