{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381848671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","title":"Digital image watermarking using discrete cosine transformation based linear modulation","display_name":"Digital image watermarking using discrete cosine transformation based linear modulation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381848671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047591735","display_name":"Waleed Alomoush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799888298","display_name":"Skyline University College","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7nbf33","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799888298"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Alomoush","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Skyline University College, P.O. Box 1797, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Skyline University College, P.O. Box 1797, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799888298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057174588","display_name":"Osama A. Khashan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1965-1869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama A. Khashan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Present Address: Research and Innovation Centers, Rabdan Academy, P.O. Box 114646, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Present Address: Research and Innovation Centers, Rabdan Academy, P.O. Box 114646, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089217983","display_name":"Ayat Alrosan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9400-4077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799888298","display_name":"Skyline University College","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7nbf33","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799888298"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayat Alrosan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Skyline University College, P.O. Box 1797, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Skyline University College, P.O. Box 1797, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799888298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049069083","display_name":"Hani Attar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8028-7918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153687341","display_name":"Zarqa University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wf1es90","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153687341"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hani H. Attar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Engineering, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Engineering, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153687341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013947060","display_name":"Ammar Almomani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8808-6114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799888298","display_name":"Skyline University College","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7nbf33","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799888298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33926330","display_name":"Al-Balqa Applied University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qedmt22","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}],"countries":["AE","JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Almomani","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT-Department, Al-Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, P. O. Box 50, Irbid, Jordan","Research and Innovation Department, Skyline University College, P.O. Box 1797, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT-Department, Al-Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, P. O. Box 50, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Department, Skyline University College, P.O. Box 1797, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799888298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025737371","display_name":"Fuad Alhosban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-0705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuad Alhosban","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIS Department, Faculty of Computer Information Systems, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, 25035, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIS Department, Faculty of Computer Information Systems, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, 25035, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024473397","display_name":"Sharif Naser Makhadmeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-7998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105851","display_name":"Emirates Aviation University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mema083","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105851"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharif Naser Makhadmeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","School of Mathematics and Data Science, Emirates Aviation University, Dubai, 53044, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Data Science, Emirates Aviation University, Dubai, 53044, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105851"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047591735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799888298"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1214},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1214},"fwci":5.3446,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96927072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.879209041595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.7482202053070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6995176672935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6419909000396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.5796632170677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.546926736831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.47261571884155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4650263786315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4262542128562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3514869213104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3450300693511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34410351514816284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.879209041595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.7482202053070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6995176672935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6419909000396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.5796632170677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.546926736831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.47261571884155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4650263786315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4262542128562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3514869213104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3450300693511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34410351514816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5b95fc9cd2a844ce9414b37c0e7a2246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5b95fc9cd2a844ce9414b37c0e7a2246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00468-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381848671.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508120902","https://openalex.org/W1962827045","https://openalex.org/W2032241916","https://openalex.org/W2038032624","https://openalex.org/W2038473034","https://openalex.org/W2045642499","https://openalex.org/W2047236936","https://openalex.org/W2065923140","https://openalex.org/W2071530928","https://openalex.org/W2079650616","https://openalex.org/W2095832839","https://openalex.org/W2111212391","https://openalex.org/W2133780670","https://openalex.org/W2151978535","https://openalex.org/W2208096094","https://openalex.org/W2216760783","https://openalex.org/W2293567455","https://openalex.org/W2342811276","https://openalex.org/W2403682575","https://openalex.org/W2408757876","https://openalex.org/W2509384312","https://openalex.org/W2518763212","https://openalex.org/W2600387315","https://openalex.org/W2793614911","https://openalex.org/W2797867222","https://openalex.org/W2801245161","https://openalex.org/W2900141423","https://openalex.org/W2907320096","https://openalex.org/W2983367487","https://openalex.org/W2989416700","https://openalex.org/W3034148801","https://openalex.org/W3082635117","https://openalex.org/W3175552437","https://openalex.org/W4281721627","https://openalex.org/W4323315282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288","https://openalex.org/W2183032046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,81,103,203,224],"proportion":[2],"of":[3,15,35,38,84,91,105,146,155,188],"multimedia":[4,32],"traffic":[5],"in":[6,17,30,41],"data":[7,77,92],"networks":[8],"has":[9,250],"grown":[10],"substantially":[11],"as":[12,191],"a":[13,20,67,88,94,100,111,147,164,169,251],"result":[14],"advancements":[16],"IT.":[18],"As":[19],"result,":[21],"it's":[22],"become":[23],"necessary":[24],"to":[25,43,70,109,185,213],"address":[26],"the":[27,46,79,133,137,144,150,156,182,215,228,236],"following":[28],"challenges":[29],"protecting":[31],"data:":[33],"prevention":[34],"unauthorized":[36],"disclosure":[37],"sensitive":[39],"data,":[40],"addition":[42],"tracking":[44],"down":[45],"leak's":[47],"origin,":[48],"making":[49],"sure":[50],"no":[51],"alterations":[52],"may":[53],"be":[54],"made":[55],"without":[56],"permission,":[57],"and":[58,93,193,197,220,233,241,254],"safeguarding":[59],"intellectual":[60],"property":[61],"for":[62,129,136],"digital":[63,112],"assets.":[64],"watermarking":[65,86,114,127],"is":[66,87,108,171,206,231,262],"technique":[68],"developed":[69],"combat":[71],"this":[72,106],"issue,":[73],"which":[74],"transfer":[75],"secure":[76],"over":[78],"network.":[80],"main":[82],"goal":[83],"invisible":[85,126],"hidden":[89],"exchange":[90],"message":[95],"from":[96],"being":[97],"discovered":[98],"by":[99,162],"third":[101],"party.":[102],"objective":[104],"work":[107],"develop":[110],"image":[113],"using":[115,163,208],"discrete":[116],"cosine":[117],"transformation":[118,134],"based":[119],"linear":[120,165],"modulation.":[121],"This":[122,141],"paper":[123],"proposed":[124,204,229],"an":[125],"method":[128,142,205],"embedding":[130,145,181,216],"information":[131],"into":[132,149],"domain":[135],"grey":[138],"scale":[139],"images.":[140,211],"used":[143],"stego-text":[148,170],"least":[151],"significant":[152],"bit":[153],"(LSB)":[154],"Discrete":[157],"Cosine":[158],"Transformation":[159],"(DCT)":[160],"coefficient":[161],"modulation":[166],"algorithm.":[167],"Also,":[168,212],"embedded":[172],"with":[173,200],"different":[174,186,201],"sizes":[175],"ten":[176],"times":[177],"within":[178],"images":[179],"after":[180],"stego-image":[183],"immune":[184],"kinds":[187],"attack,":[189],"such":[190],"salt":[192],"pepper,":[194],"rotation,":[195],"cropping,":[196],"JPEG":[198],"compression":[199],"criteria.":[202],"tested":[207],"four":[209],"benchmark":[210],"evaluate":[214],"effect,":[217],"PSNR,":[218],"NC":[219],"BER":[221],"are":[222,239,257],"calculated.":[223],"outcomes":[225],"show":[226],"that":[227],"approach":[230],"practical":[232],"robust,":[234],"where":[235],"obtained":[237],"results":[238,256],"promising":[240],"do":[242],"not":[243],"raise":[244],"any":[245],"suspicion.":[246],"In":[247],"addition,":[248],"it":[249],"large":[252],"capacity,":[253],"its":[255],"imperceptible,":[258],"especially":[259],"when":[260],"1bit/block":[261],"embedded.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}