{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414528711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","title":"Time-Sensitive Networking Digital Twin for STRIDE-based security testing","display_name":"Time-Sensitive Networking Digital Twin for STRIDE-based security testing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414528711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","pdf_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5820498","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"1687-4161","issn":["1687-4161","1687-417X","2510-523X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065028664","display_name":"A. Melis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6558-1315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Melis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028539486","display_name":"Andrea Giovine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1817-9980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Giovine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075730031","display_name":"Lorenzo Rinieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1767-7256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Rinieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065028664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":{"value":1040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1040},"apc_paid":{"value":1040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1040},"fwci":0.6667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74730479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-testing","display_name":"Security testing","score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-tolerance","display_name":"Intrusion tolerance","score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backward-compatibility","display_name":"Backward compatibility","score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.33570000529289246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195518309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13424265","display_name":"Security testing","level":5,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196903269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6059063","display_name":"Intrusion tolerance","level":3,"score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77019957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2689057","display_name":"Dependability","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159631557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546066","display_name":"Networking hardware","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777407602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888932","display_name":"Mandatory access control","level":4,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65813073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622420","display_name":"High availability","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","pdf_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5820498","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"1687-4161","issn":["1687-4161","1687-417X","2510-523X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1027576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4de5de775e74422bbbf8455941be93de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4de5de775e74422bbbf8455941be93de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security, Vol 2025, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","pdf_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-025-00213-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5820498","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"1687-4161","issn":["1687-4161","1687-417X","2510-523X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1175062043","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1033\u2013 17/06/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2649423451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CN0000002 3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G972786147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRIN-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414528711.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414528711.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971739358","https://openalex.org/W2130171629","https://openalex.org/W2130677190","https://openalex.org/W2505603199","https://openalex.org/W2537902178","https://openalex.org/W2606041882","https://openalex.org/W2795066123","https://openalex.org/W2890389408","https://openalex.org/W2902719856","https://openalex.org/W2917622476","https://openalex.org/W2941092634","https://openalex.org/W2946335183","https://openalex.org/W2946706800","https://openalex.org/W2982499446","https://openalex.org/W2995743148","https://openalex.org/W3011167962","https://openalex.org/W3015898377","https://openalex.org/W3156548565","https://openalex.org/W3164356889","https://openalex.org/W3182781015","https://openalex.org/W3206973060","https://openalex.org/W3215775723","https://openalex.org/W4213138173","https://openalex.org/W4226311084","https://openalex.org/W4230427844","https://openalex.org/W4234084447","https://openalex.org/W4234153606","https://openalex.org/W4238153536","https://openalex.org/W4239950947","https://openalex.org/W4240660890","https://openalex.org/W4253110392","https://openalex.org/W4254053820","https://openalex.org/W4255250849","https://openalex.org/W4291700982","https://openalex.org/W4293863527","https://openalex.org/W4312909766","https://openalex.org/W4322628973","https://openalex.org/W4363676245","https://openalex.org/W4365815564","https://openalex.org/W4387583629","https://openalex.org/W4387869793","https://openalex.org/W4387917733","https://openalex.org/W4395004800","https://openalex.org/W4400275410","https://openalex.org/W4402263596","https://openalex.org/W4402288751","https://openalex.org/W4402916374","https://openalex.org/W4403758650","https://openalex.org/W4404133301"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time-sensitive":[0],"networking":[1],"is":[2,89,126],"set":[3],"to":[4,20,91,148,162],"play":[5],"a":[6,105],"pivotal":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,39,97,120],"the":[10,22,34,130,150,172,177,191],"evolution":[11],"of":[12,71,153,176],"modern":[13],"industrial":[14,47],"and":[15,30,36,51,68,95,107,115,122,144,166],"5G":[16],"networks,":[17],"enabling":[18],"them":[19],"meet":[21],"strictest":[23],"communication":[24],"requirements":[25,152],"for":[26,75,111,174,180],"guaranteed":[27],"low":[28],"latency":[29],"high":[31],"reliability.":[32],"Given":[33],"critical":[35],"complex":[37],"environments":[38],"which":[40],"TSN":[41,112,137,164,181,192],"will":[42],"be":[43],"deployed,":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46,132],"automation,":[48],"autonomous":[49],"systems,":[50],"mission-critical":[52],"applications,":[53],"ensuring":[54],"robust":[55],"protection":[56],"against":[57],"security":[58,116,182],"threats":[59],"becomes":[60],"an":[61],"essential":[62],"design":[63],"consideration.":[64],"The":[65],"inherent":[66],"low-latency":[67],"deterministic":[69],"characteristics":[70],"TSN,":[72],"while":[73],"beneficial":[74],"performance,":[76],"also":[77,156],"introduce":[78],"unique":[79],"vulnerabilities":[80],"that":[81],"attackers":[82],"could":[83],"exploit.":[84],"Consequently,":[85],"safeguarding":[86],"time-sensitive":[87],"networks":[88],"fundamental":[90],"their":[92],"successful":[93],"implementation":[94],"reliability":[96],"real-world":[98],"applications.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"paper,":[102],"we":[103,170],"present":[104],"flexible":[106],"reconfigurable":[108],"Digital":[109,138],"Twin":[110,139],"protocol":[113],"validation":[114],"testing.":[117],"Its":[118],"deployment":[119],"different":[121],"heterogeneous":[123],"testing":[124,183],"scenarios":[125,188],"fully":[127],"automated":[128],"via":[129],"Infrastructure":[131],"Code":[133],"approach.":[134],"Our":[135],"proposed":[136,178],"employs":[140],"advanced":[141,158],"virtualization":[142],"technologies":[143],"network":[145],"emulation":[146],"tools":[147],"replicate":[149],"stringent":[151],"TSN.":[154],"It":[155],"implements":[157],"Linux":[159],"queuing":[160],"disciplines":[161],"emulate":[163],"scheduling":[165],"traffic":[167],"shaping.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"assess":[171],"potential":[173],"adaptability":[175],"architecture":[179],"by":[184],"simulating":[185],"two":[186],"attack":[187],"derived":[189],"from":[190],"STRIDE":[193],"threat":[194],"model.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}