{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160133852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","title":"ShadowVIMP: permutation-based multiple testing-controlled variable selection","display_name":"ShadowVIMP: permutation-based multiple testing-controlled variable selection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160133852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42082911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028021184","display_name":"Tim M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9759-5973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091445","display_name":"M\u00fcnchen Klinik Schwabing","ror":"https://ror.org/002bjfj29","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091445","https://openalex.org/I4210121101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tim M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Staburo GmbH, Aschauer Stra\u00dfe 26a, 81549, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. mueller@staburo.de"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Staburo GmbH, Aschauer Stra\u00dfe 26a, 81549, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. mueller@staburo.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048970390","display_name":"Roman Hornung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169724904","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/034k8cv93","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169724904","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386549","display_name":"Munich Center for Machine Learning","ror":"https://ror.org/02nfy3535","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386549","https://openalex.org/I62916508","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Hornung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377, Munich, Bavaria, Germany","Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377, Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169724904","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054264459","display_name":"Silke Szymczak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-9035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silke Szymczak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of L\u00fcbeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of L\u00fcbeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, L\u00fcbeck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062202493","display_name":"Hannes Buchner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-5535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81321733","display_name":"MTU Aero Engines (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00bxsm637","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81321733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannes Buchner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Staburo GmbH, Aschauer Stra\u00dfe 26a, 81549, Munich, Bavaria, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Staburo GmbH, Aschauer Stra\u00dfe 26a, 81549, Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81321733"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028021184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091445"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40450636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.20010000467300415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.20010000467300415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.179299995303154,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.1662999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.8252000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6692000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.3984000086784363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.8252000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6692000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5174000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183905921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038757","display_name":"Multiple comparisons problem","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983394010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19885330","display_name":"Continuous variable","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27574286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Variables","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42082911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42082911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de:135838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-135838-9","pdf_url":"https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/135838/1/s12859-026-06412-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401845","display_name":"Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7748f3d7932427e93b6290baca77f45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7748f3d7932427e93b6290baca77f45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 27, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13147804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13147804/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06412-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5138428807258606}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W1875061881","https://openalex.org/W1971912363","https://openalex.org/W1979279626","https://openalex.org/W2013223495","https://openalex.org/W2070230130","https://openalex.org/W2115380778","https://openalex.org/W2131215891","https://openalex.org/W2143481518","https://openalex.org/W2156665896","https://openalex.org/W2157395790","https://openalex.org/W2181164912","https://openalex.org/W2737706773","https://openalex.org/W2766438525","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2944954104","https://openalex.org/W2963642566","https://openalex.org/W2966531276","https://openalex.org/W4313643653","https://openalex.org/W4386911015","https://openalex.org/W4411440408"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Identifying":[1],"relevant":[2],"biomarkers":[3],"is":[4,67,265,288,296],"critical":[5],"in":[6,51,144,161,210,290],"clinical":[7],"research":[8],"and":[9,32,72,108,165,174,181,230,260],"precision":[10],"medicine,":[11],"particularly":[12],"when":[13,233],"analysing":[14],"high-dimensional":[15,211],"data.":[16],"Random":[17],"forests":[18],"(RFs)":[19],"are":[20,79],"promising":[21,267],"for":[22,76,88,105,168,269],"such":[23],"settings":[24],"due":[25],"to":[26,35,98,121,191,204,242],"their":[27,33,110],"flexibility,":[28],"ease":[29],"of":[30,48,64,114,141,256,280],"use,":[31],"ability":[34],"handle":[36],"data":[37],"sets":[38,251],"with":[39,112],"more":[40],"variables":[41,117,143,232],"than":[42],"samples.":[43],"RFs":[44],"assess":[45],"the":[46,53,62,115,130,139,189],"importance":[47,57],"each":[49,106],"variable":[50,56,77,91,107,153,166,250,273],"predicting":[52],"outcome":[54],"using":[55,156,234],"(VIMP)":[58],"scores.":[59],"However,":[60],"since":[61],"distribution":[63],"VIMP":[65,225,245,283],"scores":[66],"intricate,":[68],"standard":[69,244],"statistical":[70],"testing":[71,74,258],"multiple":[73,89,119,217,257,271],"adjustments":[75,259],"selection":[78,154,167,274],"challenging.":[80],"METHODS:":[81],"We":[82,146],"propose":[83],"shadowVIMP,":[84,294],"a":[85,192,266],"novel":[86],"method":[87,190,238,287],"testing-controlled":[90],"selection,":[92],"based":[93,252],"on":[94,195,253,298],"an":[95,291],"approach":[96,268],"similar":[97],"permutation":[99,126],"testing.":[100],"It":[101],"generates":[102],"permuted":[103],"counterparts":[104],"compares":[109],"VIMPs":[111,164],"those":[113],"original":[116],"over":[118],"iterations":[120],"calculate":[122],"p-values.":[123],"Unlike":[124],"conventional":[125],"testing,":[127],"shadowVIMP":[128,148,207,264,286],"preserves":[129],"correlation":[131],"structure":[132],"between":[133],"variables,":[134],"mitigating":[135],"biases":[136,226,279],"caused":[137],"by":[138,228],"over-selection":[140],"correlated":[142,180,229],"RFs.":[145,169],"evaluated":[147],"against":[149,224],"three":[150],"competing":[151,205],"RF":[152],"approaches":[155],"simulation":[157],"designs":[158,171],"previously":[159],"employed":[160],"studies":[162],"considering":[163],"These":[170],"included":[172],"high-":[173],"low-dimensional":[175],"data,":[176],"as":[177,179],"well":[178],"categorical":[182,231],"variables.":[183],"For":[184],"illustration,":[185],"we":[186],"also":[187],"applied":[188],"real-world":[193],"example":[194],"Alzheimer's":[196],"disease.":[197],"CONCLUSIONS:":[198],"Our":[199],"results":[200],"showed":[201],"that,":[202],"compared":[203],"approaches,":[206],"offers":[208],"advantages":[209],"settings,":[212],"improving":[213],"sensitivity":[214],"while":[215,275],"enabling":[216],"testing-adjusted":[218,272],"results.":[219],"Additionally,":[220],"it":[221],"demonstrated":[222],"robustness":[223],"induced":[227],"permutation-based":[235,282],"VIMP.":[236],"The":[237,285],"can":[239],"be":[240],"used":[241],"annotate":[243],"plots,":[246],"visually":[247],"presenting":[248],"selected":[249],"different":[254],"types":[255],"significance":[261],"levels.":[262],"Overall,":[263],"providing":[270],"explicitly":[276],"addressing":[277],"known":[278],"RF's":[281],"measure.":[284],"implemented":[289],"R":[292],"package":[293],"which":[295],"available":[297],"CRAN.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-24T07:32:12.397491","created_date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00"}