{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166694946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z","title":"An STP-based model toward designing binary diffusion layers with the lowest latency","display_name":"An STP-based model toward designing binary diffusion layers with the lowest latency","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166694946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017969187","display_name":"Tingting Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-4730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-4730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040626862","display_name":"Xi Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5438-7028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755000","display_name":"Yan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1260-4536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009860634","display_name":"Congkai Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139647620","display_name":"Siqin Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126331667","display_name":"Wei Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302611135","display_name":"Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/00bt9we26","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Security Communication, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Security Communication, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126331667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135"],"apc_list":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"apc_paid":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83041868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.7591000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.7591000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.1062999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.051500000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"Diffusion","score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.34389999508857727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163561899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1994977","display_name":"Logical matrix","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193435613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2997928","display_name":"Connected component","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41431624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053357","display_name":"Block size","level":3,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C689293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751484","display_name":"Block design","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93693863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897659","display_name":"Branch and bound","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197657726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733","display_name":"Bipartite graph","level":3,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148818006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4137985","display_name":"Giant component","level":4,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0abf3c002b5a4b5297756bbb4503487f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0abf3c002b5a4b5297756bbb4503487f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00617-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1101513701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFA1013000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166694946.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166694946.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163970851","https://openalex.org/W1489027369","https://openalex.org/W1503864966","https://openalex.org/W1572300106","https://openalex.org/W1575922610","https://openalex.org/W1883426531","https://openalex.org/W1907010521","https://openalex.org/W2099483791","https://openalex.org/W2156775578","https://openalex.org/W2242540160","https://openalex.org/W2307673304","https://openalex.org/W2485814324","https://openalex.org/W2539854865","https://openalex.org/W2554376114","https://openalex.org/W3046498207","https://openalex.org/W3081832642","https://openalex.org/W3162933802","https://openalex.org/W3206092311","https://openalex.org/W4213347158","https://openalex.org/W4246856544","https://openalex.org/W4256141437","https://openalex.org/W4311870639","https://openalex.org/W4389648777","https://openalex.org/W4399805256","https://openalex.org/W7130568370"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"the":[2,7,45,55,106,111,116,154,175,183,187],"realm":[3],"of":[4,9,25,87,119,131,172,178,189],"lightweight":[5,192],"cryptography,":[6],"construction":[8],"efficient":[10,191],"and":[11,34,63,75,125,139,141,145,166],"secure":[12],"diffusion":[13,26,52],"layers":[14,27,53],"constitutes":[15],"a":[16,65,169],"critical":[17],"component":[18],"in":[19],"block":[20,193],"cipher":[21],"design.":[22],"The":[23,58],"evaluation":[24],"primarily":[28],"focuses":[29],"on":[30,44],"their":[31],"cryptographic":[32],"properties":[33],"circuit":[35,66,73],"implementation":[36,67,117,148],"costs.":[37],"We":[38,109,133],"propose":[39],"an":[40],"automatic":[41],"model":[42,59],"based":[43],"g-XOR":[46],"metric":[47],"to":[48,103],"design":[49,188],"optimal":[50],"binary":[51],"with":[54,121,128,136,168],"lowest":[56,184],"latency.":[57,108],"employs":[60],"graph":[61],"theory,":[62],"from":[64,101],"perspective,":[68],"translates":[69],"branch":[70,96,129,142,170],"number,":[71],"invertibility,":[72],"area":[74,118],"depth":[76,177],"into":[77],"mathematical":[78],"problems.":[79],"Under":[80],"these":[81],"constraints,":[82],"it":[83],"explores":[84],"improved":[85],"implementations":[86],"Maximum":[88],"Distance":[89],"Binary":[90],"Linear":[91],"(MDBL)":[92],"matrices":[93,120,135],"(achieving":[94],"maximum":[95],"number)":[97],"across":[98],"different":[99],"dimensions":[100,122,137,163],"4":[102],"16":[104,167],"under":[105,174],"minimum":[107,176],"find":[110],"tight":[112],"lower":[113],"bound":[114],"for":[115,162],"4,":[123],"6,":[124,146],"8,":[126],"all":[127],"number":[130,171],"4.":[132],"present":[134],"8":[138,173],"10,":[140],"numbers":[143],"5":[144],"whose":[147],"cost":[149],"outperform":[150],"existing":[151],"results.":[152],"For":[153],"first":[155],"time,":[156],"we":[157],"provide":[158],"optimized":[159],"experimental":[160],"results":[161],"12,":[164],"14,":[165],"3.":[179],"Our":[180],"work":[181],"achieves":[182],"latency,":[185],"facilitating":[186],"highly":[190],"ciphers.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}
