{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166689044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7","title":"Optimizing multi-objective strategies for enhanced Tor De-anonymization","display_name":"Optimizing multi-objective strategies for enhanced Tor De-anonymization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166689044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034831625","display_name":"Yali Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-9929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yali Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065445596","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-0904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088985928","display_name":"Ruolin Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruolin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002136304","display_name":"L H Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangyi Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043707940","display_name":"Guang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8642-4362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043707940"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"apc_paid":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83011076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.5503000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.5503000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.13539999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.10689999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5135999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/honeypot","display_name":"Honeypot","score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-principle","display_name":"Pareto principle","score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collateral","display_name":"Collateral","score":0.33070001006126404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5135999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191267431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911932","display_name":"Honeypot","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694563","display_name":"Collateral","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:83a1410e791742759bf62fb69bb2936c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/83a1410e791742759bf62fb69bb2936c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-026-00590-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.49059295654296875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3622784231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SBK2023041256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8970236852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166689044.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166689044.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1587744656","https://openalex.org/W2000016084","https://openalex.org/W2007887768","https://openalex.org/W2012574038","https://openalex.org/W2026417691","https://openalex.org/W2026792038","https://openalex.org/W2037592285","https://openalex.org/W2042102899","https://openalex.org/W2045808688","https://openalex.org/W2060464767","https://openalex.org/W2067442047","https://openalex.org/W2087194317","https://openalex.org/W2099868491","https://openalex.org/W2123561447","https://openalex.org/W2125899728","https://openalex.org/W2143381319","https://openalex.org/W2158598447","https://openalex.org/W2161963552","https://openalex.org/W2172011174","https://openalex.org/W2347194800","https://openalex.org/W2527760048","https://openalex.org/W2585206336","https://openalex.org/W2725414453","https://openalex.org/W2808681425","https://openalex.org/W2889162098","https://openalex.org/W2917098223","https://openalex.org/W2982358724","https://openalex.org/W3007599352","https://openalex.org/W3036252686","https://openalex.org/W3082818940","https://openalex.org/W3089115757","https://openalex.org/W3090219579","https://openalex.org/W3152930417","https://openalex.org/W3212347076","https://openalex.org/W3216846121","https://openalex.org/W4214941022","https://openalex.org/W4281662071","https://openalex.org/W4283210985","https://openalex.org/W4296916018","https://openalex.org/W4308643064","https://openalex.org/W4360770736","https://openalex.org/W4376605168","https://openalex.org/W4376639611","https://openalex.org/W4385548388","https://openalex.org/W4396723085","https://openalex.org/W4398138980","https://openalex.org/W4399206084","https://openalex.org/W4402264314","https://openalex.org/W4410415589"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Tor":[1],"employs":[2],"multi-layer":[3],"encryption":[4],"and":[5,57,65,94,108,135,162,190,204],"three-hop":[6],"circuits":[7],"to":[8,23,83,88],"provide":[9],"low-latency":[10],"anonymity.":[11],"While":[12],"indispensable":[13],"for":[14],"privacy,":[15],"these":[16,147],"same":[17],"properties":[18],"can":[19,42],"also":[20],"be":[21,43],"misused":[22],"conceal":[24],"illicit":[25],"activity.":[26],"This":[27],"dual-use":[28],"nature":[29],"makes":[30],"effective":[31],"de\u2011anonymization":[32,50],"essential":[33],"under":[34],"appropriate,":[35],"policy-bounded":[36],"oversight,":[37],"so":[38],"that":[39],"harmful":[40],"behavior":[41],"uncovered":[44],"without":[45],"undermining":[46],"legitimate":[47],"use.":[48],"Yet":[49],"is":[51],"not":[52],"free:":[53],"taking":[54],"nodes":[55],"offline":[56],"deploying":[58],"honeypots":[59],"consumes":[60],"significant":[61],"resources,":[62],"increases":[63],"exposure,":[64],"risks":[66],"degrading":[67],"network":[68,106],"availability.":[69],"Prior":[70],"work":[71],"faces":[72],"two":[73],"limitations:":[74],"(i)":[75],"it":[76,96],"decouples":[77],"the":[78,151],"choice":[79],"of":[80],"which":[81,86],"node":[82],"target":[84],"from":[85],"method":[87],"apply,":[89],"overlooking":[90],"their":[91],"strong":[92],"coupling;":[93],"(ii)":[95],"often":[97],"evaluates":[98],"effectiveness":[99],"with":[100,155,167,208],"narrow,":[101],"single-effect":[102],"proxies,":[103],"neglecting":[104],"collateral":[105],"impact":[107,131],"operational":[109],"cost.":[110],"To":[111],"support":[112],"better":[113],"de\u2011anonymization,":[114],"we":[115,145],"model":[116],"joint":[117],"node\u2013technique":[118],"selection":[119],"as":[120],"a":[121,164,170],"tri-objective":[122],"problem":[123],"balancing":[124],"attack":[125,130,136,188,202,205],"gain":[126,189],"(":[127,132],"AP":[128],"),":[129,134],"AI":[133],"cost(":[137],"AC":[138],").":[139],"For":[140],"each":[141],"feasible":[142],"node\u2013method":[143],"pair":[144],"compute":[146],"three":[148],"metrics,":[149],"extract":[150],"Pareto":[152],"set,":[153],"prune":[154],"$$\\epsilon$$":[156],"<mml:math":[157,179,193],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[158,180,194],"<mml:mi>\u03f5</mml:mi>":[159],"</mml:math>":[160,186,200],"-constraints,":[161],"select":[163],"preference-aware":[165],"compromise":[166],"VIKOR.":[168],"In":[169],"Docker-orchestrated":[171],"testbed,":[172],"this":[173],"Pareto-first":[174],"pipeline":[175],"achieves":[176],"about":[177],"$$+50\\%$$":[178],"<mml:mrow>":[181,195],"<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>":[182],"<mml:mn>50</mml:mn>":[183],"<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>":[184,198],"</mml:mrow>":[185,199],"higher":[187],"roughly":[191],"$$-29\\%$$":[192],"<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>":[196],"<mml:mn>29</mml:mn>":[197],"lower":[201],"Impact":[203],"cost":[206],"compared":[207],"random":[209],"selection.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}