{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416930660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5","title":"Research on intrusion detection of IEC 61850 protocol based on feature selection and triadic concept analysis","display_name":"Research on intrusion detection of IEC 61850 protocol based on feature selection and triadic concept analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416930660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055109181","display_name":"Hong-Min Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8748-3401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Min Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000792418","display_name":"Qiang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7207-6691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026818477","display_name":"Shizhong Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094772","display_name":"Henan University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/007wym039","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094772"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao-Yun Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094772"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075325227","display_name":"Huihui Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-7277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui-Hui Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063638481","display_name":"Yangyang Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-3686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang-Yang Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087582431","display_name":"You\u2010Qiang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9407-2256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun-Kai Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055109181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48125803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.6345999836921692,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.6345999836921692,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.03500000014901161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.031599998474121094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iec-61850","display_name":"IEC 61850","score":0.8281000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.652899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5938000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4205999970436096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168160","display_name":"IEC 61850","level":3,"score":0.8281000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.652899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5938000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1620160fa1e341df809c4f2b6158bd66","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1620160fa1e341df809c4f2b6158bd66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00463-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322766","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416930660.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525217187","https://openalex.org/W1790062403","https://openalex.org/W1865672346","https://openalex.org/W2312885000","https://openalex.org/W2342413143","https://openalex.org/W2743967296","https://openalex.org/W2786544965","https://openalex.org/W2945020349","https://openalex.org/W2976983452","https://openalex.org/W2989945650","https://openalex.org/W2997128470","https://openalex.org/W2998233014","https://openalex.org/W3120795858","https://openalex.org/W4234423219","https://openalex.org/W4293637471","https://openalex.org/W4312419687","https://openalex.org/W4315647204","https://openalex.org/W4388925691","https://openalex.org/W4390768443","https://openalex.org/W4400679044","https://openalex.org/W4400978088","https://openalex.org/W4401288597","https://openalex.org/W4403854112","https://openalex.org/W4407601252","https://openalex.org/W6903738440"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Cybersecurity":[1],"incidents":[2],"targeting":[3],"the":[4,32,38,43,91,96,107,110,141,162,167,174,178,182,186,191,199,203,206,219,226,243,252,254,258,260],"power":[5,39],"grid":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"increasing":[9],"in":[10,31],"recent":[11],"years.":[12],"The":[13,69],"IEC":[14,52],"61850":[15,53],"protocol":[16],"serves":[17],"as":[18],"a":[19,130,157],"safeguard":[20],"for":[21,106],"substation":[22],"communications,":[23],"and":[24,34,65,79,99,105,149,165,212,223,233,248],"its":[25],"security":[26],"plays":[27],"an":[28],"important":[29],"role":[30],"safe":[33],"stable":[35],"operation":[36],"of":[37,45,48,51,94,185,202,225,242,256,263],"grid.":[40],"Aiming":[41],"at":[42],"problem":[44],"low":[46],"accuracy":[47],"intrusion":[49],"detection":[50,261],"communication":[54],"protocols,":[55],"this":[56],"paper":[57],"proposes":[58],"ATCV":[59,70,204,227],"model":[60,71,86,207,228],"by":[61],"combining":[62],"feature":[63,77,126,152],"selection":[64],"triadic":[66,135,145,153],"concept":[67,154],"analysis.":[68],"includes":[72],"three":[73],"parts:":[74],"data":[75,111,188],"preprocessing,":[76],"selection,":[78],"FL":[80,192],"(Fuzzy":[81],"Triadic":[82],"Concept":[83],"Analysis)":[84],"classification":[85,183,193,200],"construction.":[87],"Firstly,":[88],"due":[89],"to":[90,116,128,181,189,197],"different":[92],"forms":[93],"datasets,":[95],"training":[97],"set":[98,101,109,166],"test":[100,108,187,198],"are":[102,122,137,147,237],"preprocessed":[103],"separately,":[104],"grammar":[112],"library":[113],"is":[114],"used":[115],"standardize":[117],"it;":[118],"Then,":[119],"redundant":[120],"features":[121],"eliminated":[123],"based":[124,139,160],"on":[125,140,161],"contribution":[127],"generate":[129,190],"streamlined":[131,142],"dataset;":[132],"Finally,":[133],"fuzzy":[134,144],"backgrounds":[136],"generated":[138],"dataset,":[143],"concepts":[146],"constructed":[148],"transformed":[150],"into":[151],"vectors.":[155],"Construct":[156],"vector":[158,179],"group":[159,180],"representation":[163],"vectors":[164],"initial":[168],"weight":[169,175],"values,":[170],"then":[171],"dynamically":[172],"adjust":[173],"values":[176],"through":[177,210],"results":[184],"model.":[194],"In":[195],"order":[196],"effect":[201,262],"model,":[205],"was":[208],"validated":[209],"horizontal":[211],"longitudinal":[213],"comparison":[214],"experiments.":[215],"Experiments":[216],"show":[217],"that":[218],"accuracy,":[220],"precision,":[221],"recall":[222],"F1-Score":[224],"reach":[229],"93.92,":[230],"93.26,":[231],"99.96":[232],"96.5%":[234],"respectively,":[235],"which":[236],"significantly":[238],"better":[239,259],"than":[240],"those":[241],"SVM,":[244],"KNN,":[245],"CNN,":[246],"DPL-FSAD":[247],"FSL-SCNN":[249],"models;":[250],"And":[251],"more":[253],"amount":[255],"data,":[257],"ATCV.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}
