{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123343432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0","title":"Ats-dta: adaptive two-stage DDoS detection with dynamic threshold adjustment in SDN networks","display_name":"Ats-dta: adaptive two-stage DDoS detection with dynamic threshold adjustment in SDN networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123343432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122890985","display_name":"Tianrui Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianrui Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122857217","display_name":"Yuan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122890605","display_name":"Yiwen Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063991302","display_name":"Yongbin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-0655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122857217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07123409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.7290999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.7290999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.08389999717473984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.9276999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-network-analysis","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer-ddos-attack","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.382999986410141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.9276999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7763000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13540734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318996","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","level":2,"score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779618445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640628","display_name":"Network service","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019361169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2609467","display_name":"Detection threshold","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81877898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1965787","display_name":"Network monitoring","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129763632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454667","display_name":"Network management","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4632f422744c4d859b87139707c8427f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4632f422744c4d859b87139707c8427f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00414-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5732604448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.62302224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123343432.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123343432.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017524370","https://openalex.org/W2056560640","https://openalex.org/W2163375756","https://openalex.org/W2921382838","https://openalex.org/W2950540448","https://openalex.org/W3023394279","https://openalex.org/W3046569687","https://openalex.org/W3136990693","https://openalex.org/W3188566172","https://openalex.org/W3195124381","https://openalex.org/W3204524944","https://openalex.org/W3210854102","https://openalex.org/W4224109614","https://openalex.org/W4244657151","https://openalex.org/W4285801505","https://openalex.org/W4319781217","https://openalex.org/W4385625058","https://openalex.org/W4387789992","https://openalex.org/W4392909336","https://openalex.org/W4393859539","https://openalex.org/W4395702952"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Software-Defined":[1],"Networking":[2],"(SDN),":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,36,53,114,123,185,212],"new":[6],"network":[7,117,202,224],"architecture,":[8],"has":[9],"brought":[10],"convenience,":[11],"but":[12,166],"also":[13,167],"suffered":[14],"from":[15,67],"the":[16,143,147],"threat":[17],"of":[18,21,182,188],"Distributed":[19],"Denial":[20],"Service":[22],"(DDoS)":[23],"attack.":[24],"However,":[25],"most":[26],"existing":[27],"DDoS":[28,89,108,124,220],"attack":[29,90,109,125],"detection":[30,38,44,49,57,91,110,120,126,162,221],"schemes":[31,55],"for":[32,98,219],"SDN":[33],"employ":[34],"only":[35,159],"single":[37],"method,":[39],"leading":[40],"to":[41,80,141,155,198],"imbalances":[42],"in":[43,196,222],"speed,":[45],"system":[46,69],"overhead,":[47],"and":[48,59,71,122,164,170,184,200,216],"accuracy.":[50],"Even":[51],"though":[52],"few":[54],"improve":[56,142],"efficiency":[58],"accuracy":[60,163,180],"through":[61],"two-stage":[62,88],"detection,":[63],"they":[64],"still":[65],"suffer":[66],"low":[68],"flexibility":[70],"do":[72],"not":[73,158],"support":[74],"dynamic":[75,171,223],"threshold":[76,136,172],"adjustment.":[77,173],"In":[78],"order":[79],"resolve":[81],"these":[82],"issues,":[83],"we":[84],"propose":[85],"an":[86,134,178],"adaptive":[87,135],"scheme":[92,210],"with":[93],"Dynamic":[94],"Threshold":[95],"Adjustment":[96],"(ATS-DTA":[97],"short),":[99],"which":[100],"contains":[101],"three":[102],"sub-modules.":[103],"More":[104],"specifically,":[105],"by":[106],"dividing":[107],"into":[111],"two":[112],"modules:":[113],"conditional":[115],"entropy-based":[116],"traffic":[118],"anomaly":[119],"phase":[121,127],"based":[128],"on":[129],"machine":[130],"learning":[131],"methods.":[132],"Additionally,":[133],"adjustment":[137],"module":[138],"is":[139],"introduced":[140],"system\u2019s":[144],"flexibility.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"experimental":[148],"results":[149],"show":[150],"that":[151,207],"our":[152,175,208],"scheme,":[153],"compared":[154],"related":[156],"schemes,":[157],"significantly":[160],"improves":[161],"speed":[165],"supports":[168],"flexible":[169],"Specifically,":[174],"method":[176],"achieves":[177],"average":[179],"improvement":[181],"1.91%":[183],"precision":[186],"increase":[187],"1.23%":[189],"over":[190],"baseline":[191],"methods,":[192],"underscoring":[193],"its":[194],"effectiveness":[195],"adapting":[197],"complex":[199],"evolving":[201],"environments.":[203],"These":[204],"advantages":[205],"illustrate":[206],"ATS-DTA":[209],"provides":[211],"more":[213],"balanced,":[214],"efficient,":[215],"reliable":[217],"solution":[218],"scenarios.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}