{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417410863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2","title":"Impossible differential cryptanalysis of lightweight tweakable block cipher CRAFT","display_name":"Impossible differential cryptanalysis of lightweight tweakable block cipher CRAFT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417410863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109979083","display_name":"Fen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3561-9772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14894300","display_name":"Foshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xvvvp28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462231","display_name":"Yongqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-2737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-2737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022051961","display_name":"Huiqin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6965-1985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiqin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036066857","display_name":"Li Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14894300","display_name":"Foshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xvvvp28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086547112","display_name":"Zhengbin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6638-2708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124847","display_name":"National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/02k4dcs46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengbin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Security Communication, Chengdu, 100048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Security Communication, Chengdu, 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033653919","display_name":"Wenyin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-9060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14894300","display_name":"Foshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xvvvp28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100462231"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"apc_paid":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14480746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.8422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impossible-differential-cryptanalysis","display_name":"Impossible differential cryptanalysis","score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher-mode-of-operation","display_name":"Block cipher mode of operation","score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.41440001130104065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.8422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120488936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3005748","display_name":"Impossible differential cryptanalysis","level":5,"score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60448319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154021","display_name":"Block cipher mode of operation","level":2,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36123800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224471","display_name":"Differential cryptanalysis","level":4,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64119674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380031","display_name":"Running key cipher","level":4,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54732982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415345","display_name":"Modulo","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112145980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2569509","display_name":"Key schedule","level":5,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6943359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875276","display_name":"Boolean satisfiability problem","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94520183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190746","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19163912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7681779","display_name":"Tamper resistance","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea804621aa1c4430b5758df0b5284968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea804621aa1c4430b5758df0b5284968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00393-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G733825671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFF0604702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417410863.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417410863.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148161500","https://openalex.org/W153516704","https://openalex.org/W197228877","https://openalex.org/W1541703086","https://openalex.org/W1598147411","https://openalex.org/W1607874478","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1883151075","https://openalex.org/W2072296411","https://openalex.org/W2072787545","https://openalex.org/W2139747141","https://openalex.org/W2170489924","https://openalex.org/W2293947265","https://openalex.org/W2406798186","https://openalex.org/W2493918232","https://openalex.org/W2584778576","https://openalex.org/W2933419887","https://openalex.org/W2965398584","https://openalex.org/W2990756525","https://openalex.org/W3006328817","https://openalex.org/W3035361483","https://openalex.org/W3090879314","https://openalex.org/W3095375142","https://openalex.org/W3097161896","https://openalex.org/W3146780285","https://openalex.org/W3148902008","https://openalex.org/W4220834648","https://openalex.org/W4226156519","https://openalex.org/W4289647334","https://openalex.org/W4317928186","https://openalex.org/W4365807830"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,27],"cipher":[2,8,28],"is":[3],"a":[4,30,37,50,95],"lightweight":[5,31,69],"tweakable":[6],"block":[7],"introduced":[9],"at":[10,23],"FSE":[11],"2019.":[12],"Its":[13],"design":[14],"aims":[15],"to":[16,103],"incorporate":[17],"countermeasures":[18],"against":[19,74,195],"Differential":[20],"Fault":[21],"Attacks":[22],"the":[24,64,71,136,149,153,172],"algorithmic":[25],"level.":[26],"employs":[29],"and":[32,44,127,178,186],"involutory":[33],"S-box":[34],"along":[35],"with":[36,83],"simple":[38],"linear":[39],"layer,":[40],"enabling":[41],"efficient":[42],"encryption":[43,65],"decryption":[45],"operations.":[46],"In":[47,161],"particular,":[48],"utilizes":[49],"straightforward":[51],"tweakey":[52],"schedule":[53],"that":[54,148,191],"generates":[55],"four":[56],"64-bit":[57],"round":[58],"tweakeys,":[59],"which":[60],"are":[61],"reused":[62],"throughout":[63],"process.":[66],"Despite":[67],"its":[68,101],"design,":[70],"resistance":[72,102,194],"of":[73,98,139],"impossible":[75,104,124,130,196],"differential":[76,105,125,131,197],"analysis":[77,97,185],"has":[78],"not":[79],"been":[80],"thoroughly":[81],"evaluated,":[82],"limited":[84],"attention":[85],"from":[86],"cryptanalysts":[87],"in":[88,151],"this":[89,92,143],"regard.":[90],"Hence,":[91],"paper":[93],"presents":[94],"comprehensive":[96,184],"specifically":[99],"targeting":[100],"cryptanalysis.":[106,198],"By":[107],"employing":[108],"an":[109],"Satisfiability":[110],"Modulo":[111],"Theory":[112],"(SMT)":[113],"based":[114],"automatic":[115],"search":[116],"tool,":[117],"we":[118,163,189],"successfully":[119,170],"identify":[120],"both":[121],"12-round":[122],"related-tweak":[123],"distinguishers":[126,132,141],"15-round":[128],"related-tweakey":[129],"for":[133,142,175],",":[134,169],"marking":[135],"first":[137],"discovery":[138],"such":[140],"cipher.":[144],"Our":[145],"results":[146],"indicate":[147],"tweak":[150],"enhances":[152],"cipher\u2019s":[154],"flexibility,":[155],"provided":[156],"it":[157],"receives":[158],"appropriate":[159],"attention.":[160],"addition,":[162],"conduct":[164],"key-recovery":[165],"attacks":[166],"on":[167,182],"reduced-round":[168],"recovering":[171],"128-bit":[173],"keys":[174],"20-round,":[176],"21-round,":[177],"23-round":[179],"variants.":[180],"Based":[181],"our":[183],"experimental":[187],"results,":[188],"conclude":[190],"demonstrates":[192],"effective":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}