{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414556569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","title":"Multi-layer DDoS attacks detection with mitigation in IoT-enabled sensor network","display_name":"Multi-layer DDoS attacks detection with mitigation in IoT-enabled sensor network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414556569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085460470","display_name":"Kavita S. Kumavat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4171-1178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169077156","display_name":"St. Francis College","ror":"https://ror.org/00571jt67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169077156"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152961","display_name":"Vishwakarma University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zwj547","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152961"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kavita S. Kumavat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, St. Francis Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India","Computer Engineering Department, Vishwakarma University, Pune, Maharashtra, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, St. Francis Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169077156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Vishwakarma University, Pune, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036437320","display_name":"Joanne Gomes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169077156","display_name":"St. Francis College","ror":"https://ror.org/00571jt67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169077156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanne Gomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Department, St. Francis Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Department, St. Francis Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169077156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085460470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169077156","https://openalex.org/I4387152961"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5574,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87829632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.9294000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer-ddos-attack","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinoo","display_name":"Trinoo","score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6003999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.44760000705718994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.9294000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7063999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43639116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7843050","display_name":"Trinoo","level":5,"score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6003999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13251ca515b94879a7fa1cbfc59e9234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13251ca515b94879a7fa1cbfc59e9234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-24 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00378-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414556569.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980670121","https://openalex.org/W2019451573","https://openalex.org/W2047301871","https://openalex.org/W2106016645","https://openalex.org/W2770038093","https://openalex.org/W2788558190","https://openalex.org/W2892081886","https://openalex.org/W2913181531","https://openalex.org/W2940698126","https://openalex.org/W2971780776","https://openalex.org/W2996463159","https://openalex.org/W3024055367","https://openalex.org/W3030435175","https://openalex.org/W3091784605","https://openalex.org/W3137966251","https://openalex.org/W3174961219","https://openalex.org/W3193469582","https://openalex.org/W3195161028","https://openalex.org/W4211032618","https://openalex.org/W4225114726","https://openalex.org/W4256243143","https://openalex.org/W4282032435","https://openalex.org/W4292547173","https://openalex.org/W4296136937","https://openalex.org/W4308037227","https://openalex.org/W4310676124","https://openalex.org/W4320916254","https://openalex.org/W4367181465"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,126,147],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,18,21,54,60,90,204],"Things":[4],"enabled":[5],"Wireless":[6],"Sensor":[7],"Networks":[8],"(IoT-enabled":[9],"WSNs)":[10],"are":[11],"highly":[12],"susceptible":[13],"to":[14,31,41,50,120,133,157],"a":[15,38,47,67,129,162,173],"wide":[16],"range":[17],"Distributed":[19],"Denial":[20],"Service":[22],"(DDoS)":[23],"attacks.":[24,125],"While":[25],"several":[26],"methods":[27],"have":[28],"been":[29,79],"developed":[30],"identify":[32],"and":[33,75,122,135,144,168,214],"mitigate":[34,136],"these":[35],"attacks,":[36],"creating":[37],"unified":[39],"strategy":[40],"counter":[42],"multi-layer":[43,149],"DDoS":[44,72,124,137,166,174],"attacks":[45,138],"remains":[46],"challenge":[48],"due":[49],"the":[51,102,113,140,180,184,188,196],"diverse":[52],"nature":[53],"threats":[55,167],"presented":[56],"at":[57],"different":[58],"layers":[59],"IoT":[61,100],"communication":[62,212],"networks.":[63,92],"To":[64],"address":[65],"this,":[66],"new":[68],"protocol":[69,198],"called":[70],"Multi-Layer":[71],"threat":[73],"Detection":[74],"Mitigation":[76],"(MLDDM)":[77],"has":[78],"proposed.":[80],"MLDDM's":[81],"core":[82],"capability":[83],"lies":[84],"in":[85,202],"its":[86],"audit":[87],"trail":[88],"analysis":[89,106,116],"trusted":[91],"By":[93],"continuously":[94],"calculating":[95],"trust":[96],"parameters":[97],"across":[98,139],"various":[99],"layers,":[101],"trust-based":[103,150],"network":[104,151],"tree":[105,152],"method":[107,153],"evaluates":[108],"each":[109,155],"sensor":[110],"node":[111,156],"within":[112],"network.":[114],"This":[115],"is":[117,128,161,176],"then":[118],"used":[119],"detect":[121,134],"prevent":[123],"MLDDM":[127,178,197],"comprehensive":[130],"approach":[131],"designed":[132],"application,":[141],"transport,":[142],"internet,":[143],"edge":[145],"layers.":[146],"proposed":[148],"analyzes":[154],"determine":[158],"whether":[159],"it":[160],"potential":[163],"attacker,":[164],"identifying":[165],"their":[169],"root":[170],"causes.":[171],"Once":[172],"attack":[175],"detected,":[177],"disconnects":[179],"affected":[181],"nodes":[182],"from":[183],"IoT-enabled":[185],"WSNs":[186],"until":[187],"next":[189],"scheduled":[190],"check.":[191],"Simulation":[192],"results":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"that":[195],"outperforms":[199],"existing":[200],"solutions":[201],"terms":[203],"throughput,":[205],"Packet":[206],"Delivery":[207],"Rate":[208],"(PDR),":[209],"energy":[210],"efficiency,":[211],"latency,":[213],"overhead.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
