{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414257071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","title":"Androfim: few-shot android malware family detection based on image representation","display_name":"Androfim: few-shot android malware family detection based on image representation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414257071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403433","display_name":"Fan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0900-6965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037566066","display_name":"Dongxia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9812-3911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dongxia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9812-3911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008946067","display_name":"Yanhai Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-0181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhai Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, 23185, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, 23185, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026728546","display_name":"Kun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4152-2107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, 22030, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101827340","display_name":"Wenhai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-3134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037566066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"],"apc_list":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"apc_paid":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"fwci":0.6286,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70320151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.8402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.7692000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7486000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-beam","display_name":"Android Beam","score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-application","display_name":"Android application","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.30630001425743103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.8402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7932000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.7692000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7486000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65902250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4759452","display_name":"Android Beam","level":3,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017891749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android application","level":3,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60692881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584529","display_name":"Humanoid robot","level":3,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722192","display_name":"System call","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115168132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55813","display_name":"Machine code","level":3,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7500136853f465abe3631e967a9fd28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7500136853f465abe3631e967a9fd28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-025-00358-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2279102284","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414257071.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414257071.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017025011","https://openalex.org/W2115733720","https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2132449440","https://openalex.org/W2753669113","https://openalex.org/W2791541601","https://openalex.org/W2811313356","https://openalex.org/W2896037892","https://openalex.org/W2897230315","https://openalex.org/W2963070905","https://openalex.org/W2963401022","https://openalex.org/W2963989339","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W2982413766","https://openalex.org/W2998906013","https://openalex.org/W3007065235","https://openalex.org/W3009081299","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3089392154","https://openalex.org/W3108975329","https://openalex.org/W3110608229","https://openalex.org/W3111381272","https://openalex.org/W3127969436","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3165963211","https://openalex.org/W3199625283","https://openalex.org/W3210231570","https://openalex.org/W4283517970","https://openalex.org/W4292541930","https://openalex.org/W4312359569","https://openalex.org/W4390874695"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Android":[1,11,24,84,96,117,162,207],"malware":[2,85,97,163,208],"is":[3],"the":[4,9,23,60,64,81,112,121,135,146,150,166,174,188,194,199],"major":[5],"cyber":[6],"threat":[7],"to":[8,92,119,144,182,227],"popular":[10,195],"platform":[12],"which":[13,75],"may":[14],"influence":[15],"millions":[16],"of":[17,29,63,72,115,168,201],"end":[18],"users.":[19],"To":[20],"battle":[21],"against":[22],"malware,":[25],"a":[26,69,89,105,156,179],"large":[27,70],"number":[28,71],"machine":[30],"learning":[31,108,143,159],"methods":[32],"either":[33],"based":[34,110],"on":[35,68,111,173,193,218],"1)":[36],"traditional":[37],"feature":[38],"extraction":[39],"using":[40],"static":[41],"and":[42,54,154,215,221],"dynamic":[43],"analysis,":[44],"or":[45],"2)":[46],"recently":[47],"proposed":[48],"image":[49,113,130],"representations,":[50],"have":[51,55],"been":[52],"developed,":[53],"achieved":[56],"promising":[57],"results.":[58],"However,":[59],"vast":[61],"majority":[62],"existing":[65],"work":[66],"rely":[67],"labeled":[73],"samples":[74,172],"are":[76],"unfortunately":[77],"not":[78],"available":[79],"for":[80,161],"newly":[82],"reported":[83],"families.":[86,209],"This":[87],"poses":[88],"critical":[90],"challenge":[91],"detect":[93],"such":[94],"few-shot":[95,107,158,206],"families":[98],".":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"paper,":[102],"we":[103,132,177],"propose":[104],"novel":[106],"approach":[109,203],"representation":[114],"an":[116,124,129],"application":[118,125],"solve":[120],"problem.":[122],"With":[123],"file":[126],"converted":[127],"into":[128],"representation,":[131],"preserve":[133],"all":[134],"source":[136],"code":[137],"information.":[138],"We":[139,210],"then":[140],"utilize":[141],"self-supervised":[142],"obtain":[145],"pre-trained":[147],"backbone":[148],"from":[149],"unlabeled":[151],"auxiliary":[152],"data":[153],"employ":[155,178],"metric-based":[157],"method":[160],"classification.":[164],"Considering":[165],"impact":[167],"irrelevant":[169],"information":[170,186],"across":[171],"family":[175,184],"classification,":[176],"multi-cropping":[180],"strategy":[181],"capture":[183],"label-related":[185],"in":[187,204],"images.":[189],"Extensive":[190],"experimental":[191],"results":[192],"CICInvesAndMal2019":[196],"dataset":[197],"confirm":[198],"effectiveness":[200],"our":[202],"detecting":[205],"achieve":[211],"at":[212],"least":[213],"3.16%":[214],"3.7%":[216],"improvement":[217],"5-way":[219,222],"1-shot":[220],"5-shot":[223],"scenarios":[224],"respectively":[225],"comparing":[226],"state-of-the-art":[228],"baselines.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
