{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403287008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","title":"MVD-HG: multigranularity smart contract vulnerability detection method based on heterogeneous graphs","display_name":"MVD-HG: multigranularity smart contract vulnerability detection method based on heterogeneous graphs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403287008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114243712","display_name":"Jingjie Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingjie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428026","display_name":"Ting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4927-5833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068773146","display_name":"Mingqi Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4810-7491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingqi Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056827411","display_name":"Tieming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-3311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tieming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-3311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029428788","display_name":"Tiantian Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8657-662X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108341348","display_name":"Baiyang Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baiyang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114243712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8412,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92502883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6307626366615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5554437041282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40455225110054016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6307626366615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5554437041282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40455225110054016}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5efcd0eeddb4fe09c9afbf409f90ea0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5efcd0eeddb4fe09c9afbf409f90ea0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42400-024-00245-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1083766541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1545400861","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021C01117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6401997768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZ23F020011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8212482623","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LD22F020002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8825203574","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403287008.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403287008.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2604314403","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2796200341","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2808815243","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2885034081","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2911286998","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2962584186","https://openalex.org/W2963108767","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2969229669","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2982275082","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3005065812","https://openalex.org/W3014339000","https://openalex.org/W3035733952","https://openalex.org/W3082368518","https://openalex.org/W3098149161","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3125989628","https://openalex.org/W3129447101","https://openalex.org/W3137781054","https://openalex.org/W3159075545","https://openalex.org/W3176695921","https://openalex.org/W3182763642","https://openalex.org/W3197731240","https://openalex.org/W4205092120","https://openalex.org/W4211181447","https://openalex.org/W4315705601","https://openalex.org/W4319337832","https://openalex.org/W4319587111","https://openalex.org/W4360764641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0,52],"Smart":[1],"contracts":[2,151],"have":[3,91],"significant":[4,212],"losses":[5],"due":[6,257],"to":[7,30,95,116,249,258],"various":[8],"types":[9,195],"of":[10,83,113,127,191,218,254,261],"vulnerabilities.":[11],"However,":[12],"traditional":[13],"vulnerability":[14,48,129,137,142,167,177,194,198,205],"detection":[15,25,50,130,138,147,178,199,206],"methods":[16,42,227],"rely":[17],"extensively":[18],"on":[19,110,181,224,237],"expert":[20],"rules,":[21],"resulting":[22],"in":[23,37,150,196,202,229],"low":[24],"accuracy":[26,188],"and":[27,69,139,155,163,189,214],"poor":[28],"adaptability":[29],"novel":[31],"attacks.":[32],"To":[33],"address":[34,96,250],"these":[35],"problems,":[36],"this":[38,145],"paper,":[39],"deep":[40],"learning":[41,74],"are":[43,57,62,104],"combined":[44],"with":[45,106,120],"smart":[46],"contract":[47],"code":[49,68,122,225,240],"approaches.":[51],"syntax":[53],"trees":[54],"(ASTs),":[55],"which":[56,243],"special":[58],"isomorphic":[59],"graph":[60,70,88],"structures,":[61],"an":[63,92],"important":[64],"bridge":[65],"between":[66],"source":[67,85,239],"neural":[71,89],"networks.":[72],"By":[73],"the":[75,77,81,84,111,114,128,174,187,192,203,208,216,238,246,251,255],"AST,":[76],"model":[78,210],"can":[79,152],"understand":[80],"semantics":[82],"code.":[86],"Moreover,":[87],"networks":[90],"increasing":[93],"ability":[94],"complex":[97],"heterogeneous":[98,118,182],"graphs.":[99],"Therefore,":[100],"control":[101],"flow":[102,108],"graphs":[103,109,119,183],"fused":[105],"data":[107,233],"basis":[112],"ASTs":[115],"build":[117],"richer":[121,161],"semantics.":[123],"Furthermore,":[124],"multigranularity":[125,146,176],"analysis":[126],"results":[131,171,213,256],"is":[132,241],"performed,":[133],"including":[134],"coarse-grained":[135],"contract-level":[136,197],"fine-grained":[140],"line-level":[141,204],"detection.":[143,168],"Through":[144],"approach,":[148],"vulnerabilities":[149],"be":[153],"identified":[154],"analysed":[156],"more":[157,164],"comprehensively,":[158],"providing":[159],"a":[160,232],"perspective":[162],"solutions":[165],"for":[166],"The":[169],"experimental":[170,247],"show":[172],"that":[173],"proposed":[175],"method":[179,235],"based":[180,223,236],"(MVD-HG)":[184],"improves":[185],"both":[186],"range":[190],"detected":[193],"tasks;":[200],"moreover,":[201],"task,":[207],"MVD-HG":[209],"achieves":[211],"addresses":[215],"shortcomings":[217],"existing":[219],"methods.":[220],"In":[221],"addition,":[222],"generation":[226],"used":[228],"related":[230],"fields,":[231],"enhancement":[234],"developed,":[242],"effectively":[244],"expands":[245],"dataset":[248],"reduced":[252],"credibility":[253],"insufficient":[259],"amounts":[260],"data.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
