{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185854061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","title":"Indexing structures for the PLS blockchain","display_name":"Indexing structures for the PLS blockchain","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185854061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","mag":"3185854061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"paratext","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048068677","display_name":"Alex Shafarenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Shafarenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, Hertfordshire, UK","University of Hertfordshire"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-6542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, Hertfordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hertfordshire","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048068677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"apc_list":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"apc_paid":{"value":1230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1230},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":true,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11716","display_name":"Random Matrices and Applications","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.772124171257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.6232747435569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6220118999481201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.5689641237258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.48606136441230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47181236743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.4558497667312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.4523412585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.44815149903297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.43829795718193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38188862800598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3679748773574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.3209291696548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2828633189201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.18494582176208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.156267911195755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.772124171257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.6232747435569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6220118999481201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.5689641237258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.48606136441230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47181236743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.4558497667312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.4523412585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.44815149903297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.43829795718193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38188862800598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3679748773574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.3209291696548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2828633189201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.18494582176208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.156267911195755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/25168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/25168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.08970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.08970","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.08970","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3185854061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2107.08970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:722dba7688e84b629ea61f7f7128d13b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/722dba7688e84b629ea61f7f7128d13b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.08970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2107.08970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","pdf_url":"https://cybersecurity.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42400-021-00101-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035238565","display_name":"Cybersecurity","issn_l":"2523-3246","issn":["2523-3246"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybersecurity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185854061.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3185854061.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133505062","https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W1615912323","https://openalex.org/W1670558497","https://openalex.org/W2015582614","https://openalex.org/W2110832606","https://openalex.org/W2143969840","https://openalex.org/W2528950352","https://openalex.org/W2963449123","https://openalex.org/W3029374313","https://openalex.org/W3048409295","https://openalex.org/W3135333069","https://openalex.org/W3191078705","https://openalex.org/W3203785807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207980676","https://openalex.org/W3131117528","https://openalex.org/W3023775436","https://openalex.org/W3208124329","https://openalex.org/W3092760168","https://openalex.org/W3017213667","https://openalex.org/W2964325661","https://openalex.org/W2899460173","https://openalex.org/W2756339511","https://openalex.org/W3157127050","https://openalex.org/W3210402189","https://openalex.org/W2974369860","https://openalex.org/W2023757840","https://openalex.org/W2156800337","https://openalex.org/W2922208295","https://openalex.org/W1838911907","https://openalex.org/W2910027442","https://openalex.org/W2743496573","https://openalex.org/W3133519213","https://openalex.org/W2949130532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"studies":[3],"known":[4],"indexing":[5],"structures":[6],"from":[7],"a":[8,23,31,48,84,119,123,141,157,203,209],"new":[9],"point":[10],"of":[11,14,64,70,86,91,118,140,160,175,212],"view:":[12],"minimisation":[13],"data":[15],"exchange":[16],"between":[17],"an":[18,53],"IoT":[19,181],"device":[20],"acting":[21],"as":[22,128,178],"blockchain":[24,28,45],"client":[25,80,142],"and":[26,41,101,215],"the":[27,71,75,92,110,133,137,145,161,173,200,222],"server":[29],"running":[30],"protocol":[32],"suite":[33],"that":[34,77,104,149,170],"includes":[35],"two":[36,180],"Guy":[37],"Fawkes":[38],"protocols,":[39],"PLS":[40,44,79],"SLVP.":[42],"The":[43,68],"is":[46,52,73,106,192],"not":[47,99],"cryptocurrency":[49],"instrument;":[50],"it":[51,105,191],"immutable":[54],"ledger":[55],"offering":[56],"guaranteed":[57],"non-repudiation":[58],"to":[59,82,94,194],"low-power":[60],"clients":[61],"without":[62,108],"use":[63],"public":[65],"key":[66],"crypto.":[67],"novelty":[69],"situation":[72],"in":[74,88,172,179,188],"fact":[76],"every":[78],"has":[81],"obtain":[83,115],"proof":[85],"absence":[87],"all":[89],"blocks":[90],"chain":[93],"which":[95],"its":[96,217],"counterparty":[97],"does":[98],"contribute,":[100],"we":[102,135],"show":[103,148,169],"possible":[107,193],"traversing":[109],"block\u2019s":[111],"Merkle":[112,125],"tree.":[113],"We":[114,147,167,207],"weight":[116],"statistics":[117],"leaf":[120],"path":[121],"on":[122],"sparse":[124],"tree":[126,162],"theoretically,":[127],"our":[129],"ground":[130],"case.":[131],"Using":[132],"theory":[134],"quantify":[136],"communication":[138],"cost":[139],"interacting":[143],"with":[144],"blockchain.":[146],"large":[150],"savings":[151],"can":[152],"be":[153],"achieved":[154],"by":[155,198,219],"providing":[156],"bitmap":[158],"index":[159],"compressed":[163],"using":[164,202,221],"Tunstall\u2019s":[165],"method.":[166],"further":[168],"even":[171],"case":[174],"correlated":[176],"access,":[177],"devices":[182],"posting":[183],"messages":[184],"for":[185],"each":[186],"other":[187],"consecutive":[189],"blocks,":[190],"prevent":[195],"compression":[196],"degradation":[197],"re-randomising":[199],"IDs":[201],"pseudorandom":[204],"bijective":[205],"function.":[206],"propose":[208],"low-cost":[210],"function":[211],"this":[213],"kind":[214],"evaluate":[216],"quality":[218],"simulation,":[220],"avalanche":[223],"criterion.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}