{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134969823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","title":"Measurement of green development energy level and analysis of obstacle factors in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration based on the improved WRSR model and obstacle degree model","display_name":"Measurement of green development energy level and analysis of obstacle factors in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration based on the improved WRSR model and obstacle degree model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134969823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128709729","display_name":"Hanjie Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146071755","display_name":"Kunming University","ror":"https://ror.org/035rhx828","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146071755"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018263800","display_name":"Huzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mvpxy20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanjie Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China","School of Economics & Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics & Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446","https://openalex.org/I146071755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128769196","display_name":"Hui Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018263800","display_name":"Huzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mvpxy20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101212811","display_name":"Qianhui Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018263800","display_name":"Huzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mvpxy20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianhui Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128724063","display_name":"Liang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018263800","display_name":"Huzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mvpxy20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics & Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128724063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"],"apc_list":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"apc_paid":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22569702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12911","display_name":"Water Resources and Sustainability","score":0.07199999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12911","display_name":"Water Resources and Sustainability","score":0.07199999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12643","display_name":"Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis","score":0.0706000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14051","display_name":"Regional Economic and Spatial Analysis","score":0.053199999034404755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.8792999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yangtze-river","display_name":"Yangtze river","score":0.7666000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-agglomeration","display_name":"Urban agglomeration","score":0.59579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta","display_name":"Delta","score":0.5859000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-measurement","display_name":"Level measurement","score":0.3273000121116638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.8792999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018003528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5413","display_name":"Yangtze river","level":3,"score":0.7666000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154611951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q393233","display_name":"Urban agglomeration","level":2,"score":0.59579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5072461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49506","display_name":"Delta","level":2,"score":0.5859000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5619000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778108119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1481440","display_name":"Level measurement","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131850264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383056","display_name":"Economies of agglomeration","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5266672","display_name":"Development (topology)","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018162585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254624","display_name":"Micro level","level":3,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902","display_name":"Mathematical model","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1284942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929501","display_name":"Water level","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0239189132f54662a864a84f131daca1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0239189132f54662a864a84f131daca1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00653-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5741507411003113}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031005692","https://openalex.org/W2104797699","https://openalex.org/W3184548670","https://openalex.org/W4281687340","https://openalex.org/W4395075100","https://openalex.org/W4411504182"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"measuring":[1],"the":[2,8,58,81,89,99,121,204],"green":[3,43,45,47,50,90,116,181,222,232],"development":[4,91,117,223],"energy":[5,92,118],"level":[6,119],"of":[7,94,120,206],"Yangtze":[9],"River":[10],"Delta":[11],"urban":[12,221],"agglomeration":[13,122],"and":[14,49,61,67,85,107,147,154,161,166,180,203,224],"identifying":[15],"its":[16],"key":[17,184],"drivers":[18],"are":[19,54,105,140,183],"crucial":[20],"for":[21,219],"promoting":[22],"regional":[23],"sustainable":[24],"development,":[25],"yet":[26],"they":[27],"remain":[28],"complex":[29],"challenges.":[30],"This":[31,213],"study":[32],"first":[33],"establishes":[34],"a":[35,169,173,216],"comprehensive":[36],"evaluation":[37,75],"index":[38],"system":[39],"covering":[40],"four":[41,143],"dimensions:":[42],"economy,":[44],"innovation,":[46],"support,":[48],"openness.":[51],"Combined":[52],"weights":[53],"determined":[55],"by":[56],"integrating":[57],"G1":[59],"method":[60,63],"entropy":[62],"through":[64],"game":[65],"theory,":[66],"an":[68],"optimized":[69],"Non-integer":[70],"Weighted":[71],"Rank-Sum":[72],"Ratio":[73],"(WRSR)":[74],"model":[76,84],"is":[77],"proposed.":[78],"Subsequently,":[79],"using":[80],"improved":[82],"WRSR":[83],"obstacle":[86],"degree":[87],"model,":[88],"levels":[93],"27":[95],"representative":[96],"cities":[97],"in":[98,127,131,209],"region":[100],"from":[101,125,191],"2006":[102,128],"to":[103,129,229],"2021":[104],"measured":[106],"analyzed.":[108],"The":[109,114],"results":[110],"indicate":[111],"that:":[112],"(1)":[113],"overall":[115],"increased":[123],"slowly":[124],"0.275":[126],"0.300":[130],"2021,":[132],"with":[133,145,187],"significant":[134],"disparities":[135],"among":[136],"cities.":[137],"(2)":[138],"Cities":[139],"classified":[141],"into":[142],"tiers,":[144],"Shanghai":[146],"Nanjing":[148],"as":[149,156,163,168,194],"higher-level":[150],"cities,":[151,158,165],"Wuxi,":[152],"Changzhou,":[153],"Suzhou":[155],"high-level":[157],"Chuzhou,":[159],"Xuancheng,":[160],"Anqing":[162],"low-level":[164],"Chizhou":[167],"lower-level":[170],"city,":[171],"revealing":[172],"core-periphery":[174],"spatial":[175],"pattern.":[176],"(3)":[177],"Green":[178],"openness":[179],"innovation":[182],"influencing":[185],"factors,":[186],"obstacles":[188],"mainly":[189],"arising":[190],"indicators":[192],"such":[193],"foreign":[195,200],"trade":[196],"dependence,":[197],"actual":[198],"utilized":[199],"direct":[201],"investment,":[202],"number":[205],"full-time":[207],"teachers":[208],"higher":[210],"education":[211],"institutions.":[212],"research":[214],"provides":[215],"methodological":[217],"reference":[218],"evaluating":[220],"offers":[225],"targeted":[226],"policy":[227],"insights":[228],"support":[230],"coordinated":[231],"transition":[233],"across":[234],"city":[235],"tiers.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T06:05:55.347736","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}
