{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133216698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","title":"Privacy-preserving energy scheduling for data center clusters based on evolutionary game theory","display_name":"Privacy-preserving energy scheduling for data center clusters based on evolutionary game theory","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133216698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127804366","display_name":"Liwen Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158151","display_name":"Heilongjiang Electric Power Workers University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxcq922","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liwen Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052151737","display_name":"Jingsi Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158151","display_name":"Heilongjiang Electric Power Workers University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxcq922","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingsi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127825008","display_name":"Zhenhai Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158151","display_name":"Heilongjiang Electric Power Workers University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxcq922","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127827066","display_name":"Ge Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158151","display_name":"Heilongjiang Electric Power Workers University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxcq922","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127793029","display_name":"Qiang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158151","display_name":"Heilongjiang Electric Power Workers University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxcq922","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd., Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127859364","display_name":"Yiwei Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106446","display_name":"Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection","ror":"https://ror.org/01erm0d03","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106852","display_name":"Environmental Protection Engineering (Greece)","ror":"https://ror.org/01jj7aa83","country_code":"GR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106852"]}],"countries":["CN","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Anyuan Safety and Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430040, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Anyuan Safety and Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430040, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106446","https://openalex.org/I4210106852"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127779046","display_name":"Zhuangxi Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhuangxi Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127779046"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"],"apc_list":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"apc_paid":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16129847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.025200000032782555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicator-equation","display_name":"Replicator equation","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-aggregator","display_name":"Data aggregator","score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.35339999198913574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6819000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5347999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50318809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145081","display_name":"Replicator equation","level":3,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20249471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298789","display_name":"Evolutionary game theory","level":3,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781416736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105354050","display_name":"Cooperative game theory","level":3,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778079155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288500","display_name":"Potential game","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58694771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q814385","display_name":"Bounded rationality","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52340a89cf0b483599a7f2dea726a0d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52340a89cf0b483599a7f2dea726a0d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-026-00641-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4304741322994232,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8756939190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3852022JJ40150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769903624","https://openalex.org/W3114056273","https://openalex.org/W3125068924","https://openalex.org/W3129756329","https://openalex.org/W3157382151","https://openalex.org/W3197028642","https://openalex.org/W4213418679","https://openalex.org/W4318407322","https://openalex.org/W4378697040","https://openalex.org/W4385754944","https://openalex.org/W4385888665","https://openalex.org/W4387319295","https://openalex.org/W4387319334","https://openalex.org/W4389752472","https://openalex.org/W4393301211","https://openalex.org/W4400111150","https://openalex.org/W4401212326","https://openalex.org/W4401387260","https://openalex.org/W4404670555","https://openalex.org/W4407170550","https://openalex.org/W4413360199","https://openalex.org/W4414187715"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,174],"substantial":[1],"energy":[2],"consumption":[3],"of":[4,44,105,186],"data":[5,17,89,158,166],"centers":[6,18,90],"challenges":[7],"power":[8,13,188],"grid":[9],"stability":[10],"and":[11,32,35,98,121],"sustainable":[12],"development.":[14],"While":[15],"coordinating":[16],"for":[19],"demand":[20],"response":[21],"is":[22,151],"a":[23,54,84,117,123,141],"viable":[24],"solution,":[25],"existing":[26],"centralized":[27,65],"approaches":[28,108],"face":[29],"scalability":[30],"bottlenecks":[31],"privacy":[33],"risks,":[34],"traditional":[36,137],"game-theoretic":[37,107],"models":[38,75],"often":[39,110],"rely":[40],"on":[41,60,156],"ideal":[42],"assumptions":[43],"perfect":[45],"rationality.":[46],"To":[47,101],"address":[48,102],"these":[49],"gaps,":[50],"this":[51,114],"paper":[52],"proposes":[53],"privacy-preserving":[55],"decentralized":[56],"scheduling":[57],"framework":[58,74],"based":[59,155],"evolutionary":[61],"game":[62],"theory.":[63],"Unlike":[64],"methods":[66],"that":[67,160],"require":[68],"full":[69],"state":[70],"disclosure,":[71],"the":[72,76,103,130,161,165,187],"proposed":[73,162],"customer":[77],"directrix":[78],"load":[79],"(CDL)":[80],"tracking":[81,185],"problem":[82],"as":[83],"population":[85],"evolution":[86,150],"process,":[87],"enabling":[88],"to":[91,128,169],"optimize":[92],"strategies":[93],"using":[94],"only":[95],"local":[96],"information":[97],"aggregated":[99],"signals.":[100],"limitations":[104],"standard":[106],"which":[109],"neglect":[111],"physical":[112],"constraints,":[113],"work":[115],"incorporates":[116],"computation-power":[118],"coupling":[119],"model":[120],"employs":[122],"bounded":[124],"rationality":[125],"perspective.":[126],"Furthermore,":[127],"solve":[129],"optimization":[131],"in":[132,178],"high-dimensional":[133],"discrete":[134],"spaces":[135],"where":[136],"replicator":[138],"dynamics":[139],"fail,":[140],"hybrid":[142],"algorithm":[143],"(EGT-QCDE)":[144],"integrating":[145],"Q-learning":[146],"with":[147],"compound":[148],"differential":[149],"developed.":[152],"Case":[153],"studies":[154],"real-world":[157],"validate":[159],"method":[163],"guides":[164],"center":[167],"cluster":[168],"an":[170],"evolutionarily":[171],"stable":[172],"strategy.":[173],"solution":[175],"achieves":[176],"reductions":[177],"overall":[179],"operational":[180],"costs":[181],"while":[182],"maintaining":[183],"accurate":[184],"grid\u2019s":[189],"dispatch":[190],"targets.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}