{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414554221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","title":"Predictive modeling of energy demands for battery electric buses using real-world data","display_name":"Predictive modeling of energy demands for battery electric buses using real-world data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414554221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032932070","display_name":"Md. Atiqur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5221-1641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Atiqur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109218960","display_name":"D.L. Holt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Holt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080433189","display_name":"Yashar Farajpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-9427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yashar Farajpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025866975","display_name":"Abdelhamid Mammeri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhamid Mammeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119744928","display_name":"Hasti Khiabani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasti Khiabani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032932070"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"apc_paid":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"fwci":2.1517,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88108969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telematics","display_name":"Telematics","score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-modeling","display_name":"Energy modeling","score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.398499995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89074322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485669","display_name":"Telematics","level":2,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780331096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24965464","display_name":"Energy modeling","level":3,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110069716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076882","display_name":"Battery electric vehicle","level":4,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110593043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7300787","display_name":"Real-time data","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902","display_name":"Mathematical model","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193809577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409300","display_name":"Demand forecasting","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b118fe4d95044f07b026564c87ec0a9c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b118fe4d95044f07b026564c87ec0a9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-27 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00564-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315159","display_name":"Transport Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/0238rs311"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325263","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414554221.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414554221.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587029215","https://openalex.org/W932531772","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2010315761","https://openalex.org/W2016087887","https://openalex.org/W2035476196","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2143388661","https://openalex.org/W2260322208","https://openalex.org/W2410644873","https://openalex.org/W2610481170","https://openalex.org/W2736138555","https://openalex.org/W2766006188","https://openalex.org/W2787723628","https://openalex.org/W2887230354","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912271129","https://openalex.org/W2921815056","https://openalex.org/W2938932713","https://openalex.org/W2938938510","https://openalex.org/W2973180392","https://openalex.org/W3009694299","https://openalex.org/W3021005717","https://openalex.org/W3037516875","https://openalex.org/W3097655232","https://openalex.org/W3106802455","https://openalex.org/W3154688119","https://openalex.org/W4214694996","https://openalex.org/W4221049349","https://openalex.org/W4385692242","https://openalex.org/W4387613534"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,189],"transition":[2],"to":[3,12,85,193,201,223],"battery":[4],"electric":[5],"buses":[6],"(BEBs)":[7],"offers":[8],"a":[9,82,91,129,165,215,224,264],"significant":[10],"opportunity":[11],"reduce":[13],"greenhouse":[14],"gas":[15],"(GHG)":[16],"emissions":[17],"in":[18,42,62,99,119,218,233,254,286,296],"public":[19],"transit.":[20,301],"However,":[21],"the":[22,87,105,114,123,162,175,211,231,280,291],"limited":[23],"driving":[24,183],"range":[25],"of":[26,90,113,116,125,164,174,182,230,240,293],"BEBs":[27],"presents":[28],"operational":[29,101,172],"challenges,":[30],"making":[31],"accurate":[32],"energy":[33,54,88,203,235,255,273],"demand":[34,55],"prediction":[35,56,245,287],"essential":[36],"for":[37,51,136,300],"effective":[38],"deployment.":[39],"Despite":[40],"advances":[41],"machine":[43,198,297],"learning":[44,199,298],"and":[45,155,184,195,227,261,289],"data-driven":[46,281],"modeling,":[47],"an":[48,238],"integrated":[49,159],"framework":[50,133,160],"real-world":[52,100],"BEB":[53,92,110,167,177,259],"remains":[57],"underdeveloped.":[58],"Most":[59],"existing":[60],"research":[61],"this":[63,78,126],"domain":[64,294],"relies":[65],"heavily":[66],"on":[67],"simulated":[68],"or":[69],"controlled":[70],"datasets,":[71],"limiting":[72],"practical":[73],"applicability.":[74],"This":[75,158],"study":[76],"addresses":[77],"gap":[79],"by":[80,251],"presenting":[81],"comprehensive":[83],"approach":[84,127,268],"predicting":[86],"demands":[89,204],"fleet":[93],"under":[94],"actual":[95],"service":[96],"conditions,":[97,150],"grounded":[98],"data":[102,131,173],"collected":[103],"from":[104,170,275],"Toronto":[106],"Transit":[107],"Commission\u2019s":[108],"(TTC)":[109],"trial,":[111],"one":[112],"largest":[115],"its":[117],"kind":[118],"North":[120],"America.":[121],"At":[122],"core":[124],"is":[128,191,269],"novel":[130],"processing":[132],"specifically":[134],"designed":[135],"streaming":[137],"high-resolution":[138],"vehicle":[139,276],"telematics":[140],"data,":[141],"which":[142,271],"integrates":[143,272],"diverse":[144],"contextual":[145],"sources":[146],"such":[147],"as":[148],"weather":[149],"route":[151],"topology,":[152],"passenger":[153],"loads,":[154],"bus":[156],"schedules.":[157],"enables":[161],"construction":[163],"large-scale":[166],"dataset":[168,190],"derived":[169],"in-service":[171],"TTC\u2019s":[176],"fleet,":[178],"encompassing":[179],"149,813":[180],"hours":[181],"2.56":[185],"million":[186],"kilometers":[187],"traveled.":[188],"leveraged":[192],"train":[194],"evaluate":[196],"several":[197],"models":[200],"predict":[202],"along":[205],"TTC":[206],"routes.":[207],"Results":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"that":[210],"best-performing":[212],"model":[213],"achieves":[214],"38%":[216],"reduction":[217],"mean":[219],"absolute":[220],"error":[221],"compared":[222],"baseline":[225],"method":[226],"explains":[228],"87%":[229],"variance":[232],"net":[234],"demand.":[236],"Additionally,":[237],"analysis":[239],"seasonal":[241],"effects":[242],"reveals":[243],"heightened":[244],"challenges":[246],"during":[247],"colder":[248],"months,":[249],"driven":[250],"increased":[252],"variability":[253],"consumption":[256],"across":[257],"different":[258],"makes":[260],"models.":[262],"Finally,":[263],"physics-informed":[265],"hybrid":[266],"modeling":[267],"proposed,":[270],"estimates":[274],"longitudinal":[277],"dynamics":[278],"into":[279],"pipeline,":[282],"yielding":[283],"further":[284],"improvements":[285],"accuracy":[288],"underscoring":[290],"value":[292],"knowledge":[295],"applications":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}