{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412932886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","title":"Multi-objective optimization models for power load balancing in distributed energy systems","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization models for power load balancing in distributed energy systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412932886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100446615","display_name":"Zhuo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4436-9689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024045935","display_name":"Yuchen Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0923-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042502247","display_name":"Wei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9657-6682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101936721","display_name":"Lei Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-5618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119929729","display_name":"Zhun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2646-9897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operation Management of Changping Campus, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"],"apc_list":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1340},"apc_paid":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1340},"fwci":1.2772,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79572201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5376798510551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.4946734607219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.48433053493499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4700081944465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4567720293998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4309014081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.39346903562545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3812620937824249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19419673085212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11952558159828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.10624247789382935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5376798510551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.4946734607219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.48433053493499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4700081944465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4567720293998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4309014081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.39346903562545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3812620937824249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19419673085212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11952558159828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.10624247789382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48c90b29c89f4f23976c9f1a59068b7a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/48c90b29c89f4f23976c9f1a59068b7a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-025-00526-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331086","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology, China","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412932886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412932886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069968427","https://openalex.org/W2283716357","https://openalex.org/W2799642487","https://openalex.org/W2901868523","https://openalex.org/W2974846131","https://openalex.org/W3045963217","https://openalex.org/W3120580631","https://openalex.org/W3134475684","https://openalex.org/W3186740596","https://openalex.org/W3189477622","https://openalex.org/W4210256520","https://openalex.org/W4214542366","https://openalex.org/W4220710005","https://openalex.org/W4221062684","https://openalex.org/W4308394109","https://openalex.org/W4319459419","https://openalex.org/W4319663620","https://openalex.org/W4362563226","https://openalex.org/W4376456805","https://openalex.org/W4378077904","https://openalex.org/W4378802325","https://openalex.org/W4381742288","https://openalex.org/W4390665250","https://openalex.org/W4391884129","https://openalex.org/W4392642843","https://openalex.org/W4392944055","https://openalex.org/W4393182445","https://openalex.org/W4393346077","https://openalex.org/W4395069525","https://openalex.org/W4398786025","https://openalex.org/W4400643346","https://openalex.org/W4403721319","https://openalex.org/W4403974584","https://openalex.org/W4404035391","https://openalex.org/W4404374286","https://openalex.org/W4404528143","https://openalex.org/W4404983431","https://openalex.org/W4406821115"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004117068","https://openalex.org/W2043284556","https://openalex.org/W3175372827","https://openalex.org/W2488220206","https://openalex.org/W2146301767","https://openalex.org/W191730236","https://openalex.org/W4384948837","https://openalex.org/W4312680855","https://openalex.org/W3191990038","https://openalex.org/W1524016490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"When":[1],"it":[2],"comes":[3],"to":[4,43,84,107,134,152,171],"smart":[5],"power":[6],"grid":[7],"(SPG)":[8],"reliability":[9],"and":[10,20,27,45,63,76,82,130,161],"energy":[11,14,47,70,89,128],"balancing,":[12],"multi-objective":[13,31,110,145],"optimization":[15,32,111],"is":[16,90,132,143],"a":[17,35,55,100,109,121,144],"must.":[18],"Uncertainty":[19,86],"several":[21],"competing":[22],"criteria":[23],"on":[24,120],"the":[25,59,93,97,114,136,139,153,172,175,179],"demand":[26],"generation":[28],"sides":[29],"make":[30],"difficult.":[33],"Selecting":[34],"model":[36,115,126,177],"capable":[37],"of":[38,99,138],"resolving":[39],"scheduling":[40],"issues":[41],"related":[42],"loads":[44],"dispersed":[46],"sources":[48],"is,":[49],"therefore,":[50],"essential.":[51],"This":[52],"study":[53],"details":[54],"concept":[56],"for":[57,127],"optimizing":[58],"SPG\u2019s":[60],"operating":[61,157],"cost":[62],"pollutant":[64],"emissions":[65,163],"using":[66],"renewable":[67,88],"electricity.":[68],"Renewable":[69],"sources,":[71],"such":[72],"as":[73],"solar":[74],"photovoltaic":[75],"wind":[77],"power,":[78],"are":[79],"inherently":[80],"unpredictable":[81],"subject":[83],"change.":[85],"around":[87],"handled":[91],"by":[92,159,164],"suggested":[94,140],"approach":[95],"via":[96],"use":[98],"probability":[101],"density":[102],"function":[103],"(PDF).":[104],"In":[105],"order":[106],"address":[108],"(MOCO)":[112],"issue,":[113],"that":[116,169],"was":[117],"built":[118],"relies":[119],"MOCO":[122,155],"method.":[123,150],"A":[124],"benchmark":[125],"management":[129],"control":[131],"used":[133],"verify":[135],"performance":[137],"model,":[141],"which":[142],"deep":[146],"reinforcement":[147],"learning":[148],"(DRL)":[149],"According":[151],"results,":[154],"reduces":[156],"costs":[158],"15%":[160],"environmental":[162],"8%.":[165],"The":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"compared":[170],"comparison":[173],"models,":[174],"proposed":[176],"achieves":[178],"aims":[180],"better.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}