{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313455440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","title":"Revealing interactions between HVDC cross-area flows and frequency stability with explainable AI","display_name":"Revealing interactions between HVDC cross-area flows and frequency stability with explainable AI","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313455440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043190934","display_name":"Sebastian P\u00fctz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-3953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian P\u00fctz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research-Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), 52428, J\u00fclich, Germany","Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937, K\u00f6ln, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research-Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), 52428, J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937, K\u00f6ln, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040295886","display_name":"Benjamin Sch\u00e4fer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-9748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Sch\u00e4fer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082560876","display_name":"Dirk Witthaut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Witthaut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research-Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), 52428, J\u00fclich, Germany","Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937, K\u00f6ln, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research-Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), 52428, J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937, K\u00f6ln, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072642991","display_name":"Johannes Kruse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3478-3379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Kruse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research-Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), 52428, J\u00fclich, Germany","Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937, K\u00f6ln, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research-Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), 52428, J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937, K\u00f6ln, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043190934"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758","https://openalex.org/I180923762"],"apc_list":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"apc_paid":{"value":790,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":969},"fwci":0.7367,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69805291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"S4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.6150250434875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37456589937210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3379964828491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.09346505999565125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.6150250434875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37456589937210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3379964828491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.09346505999565125}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc7edbe51b514812bfb286a89b0f190f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc7edbe51b514812bfb286a89b0f190f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics, Vol 5, Iss S4, Pp 1-20 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","pdf_url":"https://energyinformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42162-022-00241-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035173479","display_name":"Energy Informatics","issn_l":"2520-8942","issn":["2520-8942"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313455440.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313455440.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1993250916","https://openalex.org/W2019296719","https://openalex.org/W2050955352","https://openalex.org/W2133914681","https://openalex.org/W2143552123","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2208306943","https://openalex.org/W2262880348","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2410209997","https://openalex.org/W2555578190","https://openalex.org/W2581325590","https://openalex.org/W2786922729","https://openalex.org/W2883096713","https://openalex.org/W2888916820","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2912083425","https://openalex.org/W2913138152","https://openalex.org/W2945526235","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3034132715","https://openalex.org/W3045569939","https://openalex.org/W3080686779","https://openalex.org/W3094105990","https://openalex.org/W3099975916","https://openalex.org/W3101855593","https://openalex.org/W3102654474","https://openalex.org/W3102917399","https://openalex.org/W3118831975","https://openalex.org/W3119015814","https://openalex.org/W3171777387","https://openalex.org/W3185325376","https://openalex.org/W3203286420","https://openalex.org/W4206184777","https://openalex.org/W4214767129","https://openalex.org/W4252934855","https://openalex.org/W4393493699","https://openalex.org/W4393494577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W1587224694","https://openalex.org/W2911598644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,176],"transition":[2],"to":[3,70,116],"renewable":[4],"energy":[5,27],"sources":[6,28],"challenges":[7],"the":[8,13,35,38,86,94,118,122,126,131,173,183,203,209,217],"operation":[9,99,187],"and":[10,18,24,26,55,100,129,152,186],"stability":[11],"of":[12,37,96,143,189,205],"electric":[14],"power":[15,20,48,59,87,106],"system.":[16],"Wind":[17],"solar":[19],"generation":[21,73],"are":[22],"volatile":[23,72],"uncertain,":[25],"may":[29,83],"be":[30,68],"located":[31],"far":[32],"away":[33],"from":[34,108],"centers":[36],"load.":[39],"High":[40],"Voltage":[41],"Direct":[42],"Current":[43],"(HVDC)":[44],"lines":[45],"enable":[46],"long-distance":[47],"transmission":[49],"at":[50],"low":[51],"losses,":[52],"both":[53],"within":[54],"between":[56,63],"different":[57,64,104,141],"synchronous":[58,65],"grids.":[60],"HVDC":[61,97,146,158,191,206],"interconnectors":[62],"areas":[66],"can":[67],"used":[69],"balance":[71],"by":[74],"leveraging":[75],"their":[76],"fast":[77],"control":[78,102,155,184],"behavior,":[79],"but":[80,168],"rapid":[81],"switching":[82],"also":[84],"disturb":[85,170],"balance.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"article,":[91],"we":[92,201],"analyze":[93],"interaction":[95],"interconnector":[98],"load-frequency":[101],"in":[103,133,216],"European":[105],"grids":[107],"operational":[109],"data.":[110],"We":[111],"use":[112],"explainable":[113],"machine":[114],"learning":[115],"disentangle":[117],"various":[119],"influences":[120],"affecting":[121],"two":[123,140],"systems,":[124],"identify":[125],"key":[127],"influences,":[128],"quantify":[130,202],"interrelations":[132],"a":[134],"consistent":[135],"way.":[136],"Our":[137],"results":[138],"reveal":[139],"types":[142],"interaction:":[144],"Market-based":[145],"flows":[147,159],"introduce":[148],"deterministic":[149],"frequency":[150,161,171,210],"deviations":[151,162],"thus":[153],"increase":[154],"needs.":[156],"Control-based":[157],"mitigate":[160],"on":[163,172],"one":[164],"side":[165],"as":[166],"desired":[167],"generally":[169],"other":[174],"side.":[175],"analysis":[177],"further":[178],"provides":[179],"quantitative":[180],"estimates":[181],"for":[182,193,208],"laws":[185],"strategies":[188],"individual":[190],"links,":[192],"which":[194,212],"there":[195],"is":[196,213],"little":[197],"public":[198],"information.":[199],"Furthermore,":[200],"importance":[204],"links":[207],"dynamics,":[211],"particularly":[214],"large":[215],"British":[218],"grid.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2023-01-06T00:00:00"}
