{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7157716633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","title":"BrainFusionNet: a deep learning and XAI model to understand local, global, and sequential features of MRI images for improved brain tumour detection","display_name":"BrainFusionNet: a deep learning and XAI model to understand local, global, and sequential features of MRI images for improved brain tumour detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7157716633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42050292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498492389","display_name":"Brain Informatics","issn_l":"2198-4018","issn":["2198-4018","2198-4026"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080666751","display_name":"Md Taimur Ahad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7657-2185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Taimur Ahad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134856114","display_name":"Bo Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia. Bo.Song@unisq.edu.au"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia. Bo.Song@unisq.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134829208","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134856114"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":990},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49991355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.8371000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.8371000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11885","display_name":"MRI in cancer diagnosis","score":0.025499999523162842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.020899999886751175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7114999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6935999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6140999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-tumor","display_name":"Brain tumor","score":0.41780000925064087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.817799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7114999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6935999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6140999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain tumor","level":2,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2671999931335449}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498492389","display_name":"Brain Informatics","issn_l":"2198-4018","issn":["2198-4018","2198-4026"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42050292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42050292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45509db2773f4e8395e17190339ed40f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45509db2773f4e8395e17190339ed40f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics, Vol 13, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13237402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13237402/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brain Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40708-026-00303-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498492389","display_name":"Brain Informatics","issn_l":"2198-4018","issn":["2198-4018","2198-4026"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7635948061943054,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320985","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7157716633.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7157716633.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2791575870","https://openalex.org/W2887902433","https://openalex.org/W2910121883","https://openalex.org/W2970215998","https://openalex.org/W2992511782","https://openalex.org/W3034970121","https://openalex.org/W3119680578","https://openalex.org/W3127158680","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3157259822","https://openalex.org/W4210243167","https://openalex.org/W4214600173","https://openalex.org/W4214932115","https://openalex.org/W4226305803","https://openalex.org/W4241937528","https://openalex.org/W4285792919","https://openalex.org/W4288684956","https://openalex.org/W4297052985","https://openalex.org/W4312539641","https://openalex.org/W4312960577","https://openalex.org/W4313389310","https://openalex.org/W4313825039","https://openalex.org/W4316465644","https://openalex.org/W4364377616","https://openalex.org/W4375953500","https://openalex.org/W4376607211","https://openalex.org/W4377092411","https://openalex.org/W4385074677","https://openalex.org/W4385330966","https://openalex.org/W4386022429","https://openalex.org/W4386456428","https://openalex.org/W4387392051","https://openalex.org/W4387885842","https://openalex.org/W4399619052","https://openalex.org/W4399619140","https://openalex.org/W4400307268","https://openalex.org/W4402499036","https://openalex.org/W4402967472","https://openalex.org/W4403037718","https://openalex.org/W4403795657","https://openalex.org/W4404184933","https://openalex.org/W4405388119","https://openalex.org/W4405569023","https://openalex.org/W4406092325","https://openalex.org/W4406237144","https://openalex.org/W4407930081","https://openalex.org/W4408289935","https://openalex.org/W4409965377","https://openalex.org/W4411878286","https://openalex.org/W4412538122","https://openalex.org/W4414604279","https://openalex.org/W4417028945","https://openalex.org/W4417413000","https://openalex.org/W6902002720"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,118,138,164,191,226],"noise":[1],"of":[2,45,162,166,219,267],"Magnetic":[3],"Resonance":[4],"Imaging":[5],"(MRI)":[6],"poses":[7],"challenges":[8],"for":[9,90,236],"Deep":[10],"Learning":[11],"(DL)":[12],"when":[13],"tumor":[14,18,28,38,93,185,189],"boundaries":[15],"are":[16,22,104,231,255],"obscured,":[17],"location":[19],"and":[20,29,32,75,84,102,108,148,156,176,187,202,215,228],"appearance":[21],"complex":[23],"due":[24],"to":[25,58,80,106,114,199,244],"overlap":[26],"between":[27],"non-tumor":[30],"cells,":[31],"modality":[33],"identification":[34],"is":[35,54,122,168],"difficult":[36],"because":[37],"features":[39,86,178],"vanish":[40],"in":[41,183,258,270],"the":[42,46,143,152,159,170,217,265],"later":[43],"layers":[44],"DL.":[47],"Effective":[48],"feature":[49],"extraction":[50],"from":[51,87,179],"given":[52],"MRI":[53,88,128,180,223,247,271],"a":[55,194,205,234],"possible":[56],"solution":[57],"overcome":[59],"this":[60],"challenge.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"we":[63,240,262],"develop":[64],"BrainFusionNet":[65,120,167],"that":[66,112,169,208,264],"combines":[67],"Convolutional":[68],"Neural":[69],"Networks":[70],"(CNNs),":[71],"Vision":[72],"Transformers":[73],"(ViT),":[74],"Gated":[76],"Recurrent":[77],"Units":[78],"(GRUs)":[79],"extract":[81],"spatial,":[82],"contextual,":[83],"sequential":[85,196],"images":[89,272],"improved":[91],"brain":[92],"classification.":[94,238,252],"Furthermore,":[95,239],"explainable":[96],"AI":[97],"such":[98],"as":[99,261],"SHAP,":[100],"LIME,":[101],"Grad-CAM":[103],"integrated":[105],"visualise":[107],"highlight":[109],"image":[110,224,248,251,259],"regions":[111,186],"contribute":[113],"BrainFusionNet's":[115],"decision-making":[116],"process.":[117],"proposed":[119],"model":[121,139,172,192],"evaluated":[123],"on":[124,135],"two":[125],"publicly":[126],"available":[127],"datasets.":[129,137],"K-fold":[130],"validation":[131],"suggests":[132],"98%":[133],"accuracy":[134,161],"both":[136],"was":[140],"compared":[141],"with":[142],"six":[144],"state-of-the-art":[145],"(SOTA)":[146],"CNNs":[147],"transfer":[149],"learning.":[150],"Among":[151],"SOTA":[153],"CNNs,":[154],"DenseNet121":[155],"VGG16":[157],"achieved":[158],"highest":[160],"96%.":[163],"novelty":[165],"hybrid":[171],"effectively":[173],"extracts":[174],"local":[175,210],"global":[177],"images,":[181],"even":[182],"small-scale":[184],"small":[188],"sizes.":[190],"has":[193],"balanced":[195],"CNN":[197,227],"architecture":[198],"capture":[200],"low-level":[201],"deeper-layer":[203],"features;":[204],"customized":[206],"ViT":[207,229],"captures":[209],"features,":[211],"stabilizes":[212],"gradient":[213],"flow,":[214],"reduces":[216],"risk":[218],"vanishing":[220],"gradients":[221],"during":[222],"training.":[225],"outputs":[230],"fed":[232],"into":[233],"GRU":[235],"final":[237],"analyze":[241],"pixel":[242,268],"intensities":[243,269],"determine":[245],"whether":[246],"quality":[249],"affects":[250,273],"Our":[253],"findings":[254],"very":[256],"novel":[257],"interpretation,":[260],"found":[263],"distribution":[266],"DL":[274],"performance.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2026-04-30T00:00:00"}