{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414971561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","title":"Age-informed, attention-based weakly supervised learning for neuropathological image assessment","display_name":"Age-informed, attention-based weakly supervised learning for neuropathological image assessment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414971561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41060466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","pdf_url":"https://braininformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498492389","display_name":"Brain Informatics","issn_l":"2198-4018","issn":["2198-4018","2198-4026"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://braininformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100607414","display_name":"Shuying Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-6304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83328450","display_name":"Miami University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqxr67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuying Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University - Oxford, Oxford, OH, USA. shyli@bu.edu","Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Miami University - Oxford, Oxford, OH, USA. shyli@bu.edu","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. shyli@bu.edu","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University - Oxford, Oxford, OH, USA. shyli@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Miami University - Oxford, Oxford, OH, USA. shyli@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. shyli@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116003332","display_name":"Maxwell Malamut","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxwell Malamut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036454720","display_name":"Ann C. McKee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2961-7488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann McKee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA","VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090727156","display_name":"Jonathan D. Cherry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-981X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801671727","display_name":"VA Boston Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/04v00sg98","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I4210095851"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan D. Cherry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA","VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA. jdcherry@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801671727"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013887346","display_name":"Lei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-4456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. leitian@bu.edu","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. leitian@bu.edu","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. leitian@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. leitian@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013887346","https://openalex.org/A5090727156","https://openalex.org/A5100607414"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046","https://openalex.org/I2801671727","https://openalex.org/I83328450"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":990},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10397324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"Digital pathology","score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy","display_name":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy","score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luxol-fast-blue-stain","display_name":"Luxol fast blue stain","score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.35830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.694599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276128","display_name":"Digital pathology","level":2,"score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911139526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5114004","display_name":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy","level":5,"score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5846999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90224389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6706410","display_name":"Luxol fast blue stain","level":4,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620189","display_name":"Brain biopsy","level":3,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909954168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860755","display_name":"Digital image analysis","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207886595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456138","display_name":"Pathological","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781294515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733470","display_name":"Stain","level":3,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125473707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9914","display_name":"H&E stain","level":3,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","pdf_url":"https://braininformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498492389","display_name":"Brain Informatics","issn_l":"2198-4018","issn":["2198-4018","2198-4026"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41060466","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41060466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:443a013ee0a548319986fed0fde15720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/443a013ee0a548319986fed0fde15720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11316344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12508298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12508298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12508298/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brain Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","pdf_url":"https://braininformatics.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40708-025-00276-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498492389","display_name":"Brain Informatics","issn_l":"2198-4018","issn":["2198-4018","2198-4026"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1824738844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIA P30AG13846","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G243480296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AG013846","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4679696305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Boston University AD Center, NIA P30AG13846","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G955521001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-AG13846)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414971561.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414971561.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597336200","https://openalex.org/W1970413515","https://openalex.org/W2129112648","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2217184110","https://openalex.org/W2571156573","https://openalex.org/W2884245333","https://openalex.org/W2914546793","https://openalex.org/W2956228567","https://openalex.org/W3026316716","https://openalex.org/W3048458444","https://openalex.org/W3131153821","https://openalex.org/W3133356497","https://openalex.org/W3135547872","https://openalex.org/W3148150040","https://openalex.org/W3194565976","https://openalex.org/W3195555725","https://openalex.org/W3206222557","https://openalex.org/W4205900565","https://openalex.org/W4207066074","https://openalex.org/W4229441398","https://openalex.org/W4229459569","https://openalex.org/W4288437692","https://openalex.org/W4288809219","https://openalex.org/W4296785994","https://openalex.org/W4385948838","https://openalex.org/W4386209358","https://openalex.org/W4387472254","https://openalex.org/W4392947521","https://openalex.org/W4392947532","https://openalex.org/W4398201291","https://openalex.org/W4400889241","https://openalex.org/W4402716294","https://openalex.org/W4405102055"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chronic":[0],"Traumatic":[1],"Encephalopathy":[2],"(CTE)":[3],"and":[4,16,31,66,78,96,118,125,133,152,157],"other":[5],"neurodegenerative":[6],"disorders":[7],"(NDs)":[8],"pose":[9],"diagnostic":[10,21],"challenges":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,33,50,87,120],"their":[14],"diffuse":[15],"subtle":[17,37,159],"pathological":[18,76],"changes.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"methods":[22],"relying":[23],"on":[24],"manual":[25],"histopathological":[26],"slide":[27],"inspection":[28],"are":[29],"labor-intensive":[30],"prone":[32],"variability,":[34],"often":[35],"missing":[36],"structural":[38,84],"alterations.":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41],"introduces":[42],"an":[43],"age-informed,":[44],"attention-based":[45],"multiple":[46],"instance":[47],"learning":[48],"pipeline":[49],"predict":[51],"AT8":[52],"density,":[53],"a":[54],"key":[55],"marker":[56],"of":[57],"p-tau":[58],"aggregation":[59],"in":[60,164],"CTE.":[61],"Using":[62],"Luxol":[63],"Fast":[64],"Blue":[65],"Hematoxylin":[67],"&":[68],"Eosin":[69],"stained":[70],"images,":[71],"our":[72,145],"model":[73],"identifies":[74],"critical":[75],"regions":[77],"generates":[79],"interpretable":[80],"attention":[81,114],"maps":[82],"highlighting":[83],"changes":[85],"linked":[86],"tau":[88],"pathology.":[89],"Incorporating":[90],"patient":[91],"age":[92],"enhances":[93],"predictive":[94],"accuracy":[95],"contextual":[97],"understanding,":[98],"addressing":[99],"aging's":[100],"confounding":[101],"effects.":[102],"We":[103],"also":[104],"develop":[105],"quantitative":[106],"evaluation":[107],"procedures":[108],"for":[109,135],"foundation":[110],"models":[111],"(FMs),":[112],"assessing":[113],"map":[115],"smoothness,":[116],"faithfulness,":[117],"robustness":[119],"perturbations":[121],"like":[122],"stain":[123],"variability":[124],"noise.":[126],"These":[127],"benchmarks":[128],"facilitate":[129],"informed":[130],"FM":[131],"selection":[132],"optimization":[134],"neuropathological":[136],"tasks.":[137],"By":[138],"enabling":[139],"scalable,":[140],"automated":[141],"whole-slide":[142],"image":[143],"analysis,":[144],"approach":[146],"advances":[147],"digital":[148],"neuropathology,":[149],"supporting":[150],"earlier":[151],"more":[153],"precise":[154],"ND":[155],"diagnoses":[156],"uncovering":[158],"markers":[160],"with":[161],"potential":[162],"applications":[163],"clinical":[165],"imaging.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}