{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409846265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","title":"Exploring students\u2019 AI literacy and its effects on their AI output quality, self-efficacy, and academic performance","display_name":"Exploring students\u2019 AI literacy and its effects on their AI output quality, self-efficacy, and academic performance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409846265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030028173","display_name":"Senad Be\u0107irovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0216-9435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123379","display_name":"Kirchliche P\u00e4dagogische Hochschule Wien/Nieder\u00f6sterreich","ror":"https://ror.org/030px0y08","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123379"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Senad Be\u0107irovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College of Teacher Education Lower Austria, M\u00fchlgasse 67, 2500, Baden, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0216-9435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College of Teacher Education Lower Austria, M\u00fchlgasse 67, 2500, Baden, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036938453","display_name":"Edda Polz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1031-1163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123379","display_name":"Kirchliche P\u00e4dagogische Hochschule Wien/Nieder\u00f6sterreich","ror":"https://ror.org/030px0y08","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123379"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edda Polz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College of Teacher Education Lower Austria, M\u00fchlgasse 67, 2500, Baden, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1031-1163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College of Teacher Education Lower Austria, M\u00fchlgasse 67, 2500, Baden, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123379"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076899743","display_name":"Isabella Tinkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137046","display_name":"Inte:Ligand (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/03k462x97","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137046"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabella Tinkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPIC Training, 2344, Maria Enzersdorf, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-6706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPIC Training, 2344, Maria Enzersdorf, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030028173"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123379"],"apc_list":{"value":1085,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1085},"apc_paid":{"value":1085,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1085},"fwci":70.4025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99952696,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9161999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.5562394857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5401512384414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5239684581756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.420987069606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3554885983467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.17823830246925354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.5562394857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5401512384414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5239684581756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.420987069606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3554885983467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.17823830246925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7816e1d85bc74ca3b1b63b7de2db6da8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7816e1d85bc74ca3b1b63b7de2db6da8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-25 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409846265.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409846265.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182333602","https://openalex.org/W1480451672","https://openalex.org/W1562208008","https://openalex.org/W1993959650","https://openalex.org/W1999991613","https://openalex.org/W2000031724","https://openalex.org/W2064809032","https://openalex.org/W2070635017","https://openalex.org/W2112042732","https://openalex.org/W2122912498","https://openalex.org/W2127339196","https://openalex.org/W2130801612","https://openalex.org/W2144015836","https://openalex.org/W2145593890","https://openalex.org/W2166982098","https://openalex.org/W2168569455","https://openalex.org/W2217717283","https://openalex.org/W2281257616","https://openalex.org/W2770726963","https://openalex.org/W2900239681","https://openalex.org/W2943076346","https://openalex.org/W2947581459","https://openalex.org/W2981863007","https://openalex.org/W2994649522","https://openalex.org/W3001508716","https://openalex.org/W3029022390","https://openalex.org/W3047225376","https://openalex.org/W3091562497","https://openalex.org/W3126726243","https://openalex.org/W3199189488","https://openalex.org/W3205271445","https://openalex.org/W3215201135","https://openalex.org/W4205433266","https://openalex.org/W4206910020","https://openalex.org/W4220950426","https://openalex.org/W4221014470","https://openalex.org/W4229441880","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4247443777","https://openalex.org/W4280549083","https://openalex.org/W4282971146","https://openalex.org/W4283651285","https://openalex.org/W4283765296","https://openalex.org/W4289260799","https://openalex.org/W4292808503","https://openalex.org/W4298121344","https://openalex.org/W4306158249","https://openalex.org/W4308947461","https://openalex.org/W4313678819","https://openalex.org/W4316253891","https://openalex.org/W4322749992","https://openalex.org/W4324046518","https://openalex.org/W4361282369","https://openalex.org/W4366783381","https://openalex.org/W4378233302","https://openalex.org/W4378611237","https://openalex.org/W4383617040","https://openalex.org/W4384464487","https://openalex.org/W4384772647","https://openalex.org/W4385192066","https://openalex.org/W4385260638","https://openalex.org/W4385262430","https://openalex.org/W4385422591","https://openalex.org/W4385932664","https://openalex.org/W4387082112","https://openalex.org/W4387368391","https://openalex.org/W4387469161","https://openalex.org/W4387694976","https://openalex.org/W4388297387","https://openalex.org/W4388471685","https://openalex.org/W4388910605","https://openalex.org/W4389353249","https://openalex.org/W4389386436","https://openalex.org/W4389986395","https://openalex.org/W4390447795","https://openalex.org/W4390484403","https://openalex.org/W4390618356","https://openalex.org/W4390746485","https://openalex.org/W4391317764","https://openalex.org/W4391405790","https://openalex.org/W4391759421","https://openalex.org/W4391851341","https://openalex.org/W4392404912","https://openalex.org/W4394689253","https://openalex.org/W4395961284","https://openalex.org/W4396528861","https://openalex.org/W4396624969","https://openalex.org/W4400315280","https://openalex.org/W4400651560","https://openalex.org/W4401931688","https://openalex.org/W4402675484","https://openalex.org/W4403436149","https://openalex.org/W4403795007","https://openalex.org/W4403839959","https://openalex.org/W4406527323","https://openalex.org/W4407923254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"technologies":[4],"are":[5],"advancing":[6],"swiftly,":[7],"both":[8],"in":[9,187],"terms":[10],"of":[11,31,68,172,179,202],"quantity":[12],"and":[13,22,50,59,72,109,114,126,133,141,146,159,193,221,232,240,246],"quality.":[14,136],"Students":[15],"must":[16],"possess":[17],"a":[18,124],"solid":[19],"understanding,":[20,44,153],"abilities,":[21],"skills":[23],"to":[24,36,84,97,184],"successfully":[25],"employ":[26],"them.":[27],"Therefore,":[28],"the":[29,66,99,110,177,185,196,200],"purpose":[30],"this":[32,63,173,188],"quantitative":[33],"study":[34,174],"is":[35],"examine":[37],"students\u2019":[38,54,69,167,180,207,223],"AI":[39,42,55,70,106,117,120,131,134,137,144,147,151,181,224,243],"literacy,":[40,182],"including":[41],"technological":[43],"its":[45,51],"practical":[46,111,121,156],"application,":[47,157],"critical":[48,138,154],"appraisal,":[49,155],"effects":[52,67,201],"on":[53,75,129,166,199,206],"output":[56,73,135,148,160],"quality,":[57,149],"self-efficacy,":[58,118,158],"academic":[60,77,168,191],"performance.":[61,169],"Moreover,":[62],"research":[64,100,211],"examines":[65],"self-efficacy":[71,132,145],"quality":[74,161],"their":[76],"achievement.":[78],"An":[79],"online":[80],"survey":[81],"was":[82,95],"used":[83],"gather":[85],"responses":[86],"from":[87],"286":[88],"Austrian":[89],"university":[90],"students.":[91],"Structural":[92],"equation":[93],"modeling":[94],"performed":[96],"test":[98],"model.":[101],"The":[102,170,234],"findings":[103,171,198],"indicate":[104],"that":[105],"technical":[107,152],"understanding":[108,178],"application":[112,122],"significantly":[113,140],"positively":[115],"influenced":[116],"while":[119],"had":[123,162],"significant":[125],"positive":[127],"influence":[128],"both,":[130],"appraisal":[139],"negatively":[142],"impacted":[143],"whereas":[150],"an":[163],"insignificant":[164],"effect":[165],"may":[175,236],"deepen":[176],"contribute":[183],"literature":[186],"relatively":[189],"new":[190,242],"field,":[192],"help":[194,214,238],"clarify":[195],"contradictory":[197],"AI-powered":[203,216],"technology":[204],"use":[205,229],"learning":[208],"outcomes.":[209],"This":[210],"can":[212,228],"also":[213,237],"integrate":[215],"tools":[217],"into":[218],"education":[219],"effectively":[220],"improve":[222],"literacy":[225],"so":[226],"they":[227],"them":[230],"ethically":[231],"effectively.":[233],"results":[235],"revise":[239],"create":[241],"policies,":[244],"curricula,":[245],"educational":[247],"initiatives.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}