{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403222223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","title":"Investigation of students' use of online information in higher education using eye tracking","display_name":"Investigation of students' use of online information in higher education using eye tracking","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403222223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113423217","display_name":"Ann-Kathrin Kunz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197323543","display_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/023b0x485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ann-Kathrin Kunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008538019","display_name":"Olga Zlatkin\u2010Troitschanskaia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-9538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197323543","display_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/023b0x485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060239256","display_name":"Susanne Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5995-3207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197323543","display_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/023b0x485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanne Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004512862","display_name":"Marie\u2010Theres Nagel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197323543","display_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/023b0x485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie-Theres Nagel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4634-7865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072541586","display_name":"Sebastian Br\u00fcckner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7699-6201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197323543","display_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","ror":"https://ror.org/023b0x485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Br\u00fcckner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55099, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113423217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197323543"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2747,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92422615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10068","display_name":"Technology Adoption and User Behaviour","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10737","display_name":"Health Literacy and Information Accessibility","score":0.9519000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6975133419036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6305880546569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5815226435661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3837335407733917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3589988946914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3532159626483917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3255900740623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.19187971949577332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.10839548707008362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6975133419036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6305880546569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5815226435661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3837335407733917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3589988946914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3532159626483917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3255900740623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.19187971949577332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.10839548707008362}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c2026e6a05af444a8dec1b38b15da178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c2026e6a05af444a8dec1b38b15da178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-24 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403222223.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403222223.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195007318","https://openalex.org/W401941822","https://openalex.org/W581942526","https://openalex.org/W1192812843","https://openalex.org/W1533249100","https://openalex.org/W1549054622","https://openalex.org/W1818035787","https://openalex.org/W1935992303","https://openalex.org/W1970566767","https://openalex.org/W1981014703","https://openalex.org/W1983710278","https://openalex.org/W1985270055","https://openalex.org/W1992350651","https://openalex.org/W2009754219","https://openalex.org/W2012257031","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2027757106","https://openalex.org/W2033668031","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2040048604","https://openalex.org/W2042379996","https://openalex.org/W2045050705","https://openalex.org/W2047873551","https://openalex.org/W2050744589","https://openalex.org/W2058837212","https://openalex.org/W2075102511","https://openalex.org/W2079175517","https://openalex.org/W2082490348","https://openalex.org/W2084335597","https://openalex.org/W2088022421","https://openalex.org/W2091707635","https://openalex.org/W2097781150","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2109079098","https://openalex.org/W2115226476","https://openalex.org/W2122085928","https://openalex.org/W2123597250","https://openalex.org/W2125913327","https://openalex.org/W2139336883","https://openalex.org/W2147329770","https://openalex.org/W2151565993","https://openalex.org/W2151592910","https://openalex.org/W2281341428","https://openalex.org/W2288868821","https://openalex.org/W2300494515","https://openalex.org/W2312665504","https://openalex.org/W2320718773","https://openalex.org/W2335173761","https://openalex.org/W2345359842","https://openalex.org/W2466901526","https://openalex.org/W2477917057","https://openalex.org/W2478441567","https://openalex.org/W2527032610","https://openalex.org/W2570209083","https://openalex.org/W2590842578","https://openalex.org/W2607275994","https://openalex.org/W2611179066","https://openalex.org/W2616312473","https://openalex.org/W2617207308","https://openalex.org/W2619066651","https://openalex.org/W2761681614","https://openalex.org/W2782804901","https://openalex.org/W2790572925","https://openalex.org/W2791416360","https://openalex.org/W2791634321","https://openalex.org/W2803680442","https://openalex.org/W2809794265","https://openalex.org/W2810989163","https://openalex.org/W2884001214","https://openalex.org/W2890201515","https://openalex.org/W2891392316","https://openalex.org/W2921935454","https://openalex.org/W2924756702","https://openalex.org/W2940103192","https://openalex.org/W2966902047","https://openalex.org/W2971417374","https://openalex.org/W2989863480","https://openalex.org/W2991937863","https://openalex.org/W2992566568","https://openalex.org/W2996797428","https://openalex.org/W3030943655","https://openalex.org/W3106870301","https://openalex.org/W3111447020","https://openalex.org/W3144900023","https://openalex.org/W3186438423","https://openalex.org/W3193281900","https://openalex.org/W3216082440","https://openalex.org/W4229781236","https://openalex.org/W4230773191","https://openalex.org/W4230795615","https://openalex.org/W4232230058","https://openalex.org/W4237658688","https://openalex.org/W4242335093","https://openalex.org/W4245846550","https://openalex.org/W4247722426","https://openalex.org/W4254441621","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W4308451175","https://openalex.org/W4360613858","https://openalex.org/W4366384282","https://openalex.org/W6677415673","https://openalex.org/W6746439265","https://openalex.org/W6769579748"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084086966","https://openalex.org/W2023861399","https://openalex.org/W2730915376","https://openalex.org/W2626306547","https://openalex.org/W2021396365","https://openalex.org/W2394134009","https://openalex.org/W2119515433","https://openalex.org/W2807619505","https://openalex.org/W2009561238","https://openalex.org/W2158788032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"To":[1,44,83],"successfully":[2],"learn":[3],"using":[4,86],"freely":[5],"available":[6],"(and":[7],"non-curated)":[8],"Internet":[9],"resources,":[10],"university":[11],"students":[12,46,97,112,122],"need":[13],"to":[14,50,61,131],"search":[15],"for,":[16],"critically":[17,51],"evaluate":[18,100,117],"and":[19,23,66,77,127,145,165,194,200],"select":[20],"online":[21,53,75,104],"information,":[22],"verify":[24],"sources":[25],"(defined":[26],"as":[27],"Critical":[28,138],"Online":[29,139],"Reasoning,":[30],"COR).":[31],"Recent":[32],"research":[33],"indicates":[34],"substantial":[35],"deficits":[36],"in":[37,47,134,203],"COR":[38,94,196],"skills":[39,197],"among":[40],"higher":[41,204],"education":[42],"students.":[43],"support":[45],"learning":[48],"how":[49,92],"use":[52],"information":[54,76,105],"for":[55,80],"their":[56,132],"learning,":[57],"it":[58,118],"is":[59],"necessary":[60],"better":[62],"understand":[63],"the":[64,93,101,135,161,169,179,188],"strategies":[65],"practices":[67],"that":[68,183,195],"might":[69],"elicit":[70],"less":[71],"critically-reflective":[72],"judgments":[73],"about":[74],"thus":[78],"account":[79],"such":[81],"deficits.":[82],"this":[84],"end,":[85],"eye":[87,166],"tracking":[88],"data,":[89],"we":[90],"investigate":[91],"behaviors":[95],"of":[96,103,111,148],"who":[98,113],"critically-reflectively":[99,116],"credibility":[102],"(\u2018high":[106],"performers\u2019)":[107],"differ":[108],"from":[109],"those":[110],"do":[114],"not":[115],"(\u2018low":[119],"performers\u2019):":[120],"19":[121],"were":[123,155],"divided":[124],"into":[125],"high":[126],"low":[128,184],"performers":[129,185],"according":[130],"performance":[133],"newly":[136],"developed":[137],"Reasoning":[140],"Assessment":[141],"(CORA).":[142],"The":[143,173],"fixation":[144],"dwell":[146],"times":[147],"both":[149],"groups":[150],"during":[151],"CORA":[152],"task":[153,189],"processing":[154,163],"compared":[156],"regarding":[157],"time":[158],"spent":[159],"on":[160,168],"different":[162],"steps":[164],"movements":[167],"visited":[170],"web":[171],"pages.":[172],"results":[174],"show":[175],"noticeable":[176],"differences":[177],"between":[178],"two":[180],"groups,":[181],"indicating":[182],"indeed":[186],"approached":[187],"rather":[190],"heuristically":[191],"than":[192],"systematically,":[193],"require":[198],"targeted":[199],"effective":[201],"training":[202],"education.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}