{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382721657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","title":"On the relationship between mobile-based extramural activities and vocabulary development of EFL learners: a mixed-method study","display_name":"On the relationship between mobile-based extramural activities and vocabulary development of EFL learners: a mixed-method study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382721657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064398430","display_name":"Saman Ebadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-7751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1187138","display_name":"Razi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ynb0474","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saman Ebadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of English Language and Literature, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-7751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of English Language and Literature, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112949914","display_name":"Zhila Amini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1187138","display_name":"Razi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ynb0474","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhila Amini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of English Language and Literature, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of English Language and Literature, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008720565","display_name":"Nouzar Gheisari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1187138","display_name":"Razi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ynb0474","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nouzar Gheisari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064398430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"],"apc_list":{"value":1085,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1085},"apc_paid":{"value":1085,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1085},"fwci":17.1225,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99127481,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13310","display_name":"Subtitles and Audiovisual Media","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13310","display_name":"Subtitles and Audiovisual Media","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12542","display_name":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.762187123298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.7240074872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.6305056214332581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5608023405075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.5562406778335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5075231790542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4684353470802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.46138623356819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-language","display_name":"Foreign language","score":0.4338299036026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.3455891013145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.168228417634964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.15468108654022217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.762187123298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.7240074872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6305056214332581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5608023405075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.5562406778335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5075231790542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4684353470802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.46138623356819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114010052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352","display_name":"Foreign language","level":2,"score":0.4338299036026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3455891013145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.168228417634964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.15468108654022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5a1317d24aa14a718e404ec6aa252ce5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5a1317d24aa14a718e404ec6aa252ce5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40561-023-00252-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382721657.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45019075","https://openalex.org/W72299532","https://openalex.org/W74362121","https://openalex.org/W237765810","https://openalex.org/W643672373","https://openalex.org/W1521477500","https://openalex.org/W1523146112","https://openalex.org/W1531998315","https://openalex.org/W1534689619","https://openalex.org/W1714723801","https://openalex.org/W1914972138","https://openalex.org/W1943090096","https://openalex.org/W1951008065","https://openalex.org/W1954858986","https://openalex.org/W1981493279","https://openalex.org/W1984891029","https://openalex.org/W2005563904","https://openalex.org/W2007179419","https://openalex.org/W2009745998","https://openalex.org/W2011440878","https://openalex.org/W2015039650","https://openalex.org/W2016774389","https://openalex.org/W2017816177","https://openalex.org/W2049396708","https://openalex.org/W2053942600","https://openalex.org/W2092623652","https://openalex.org/W2109685530","https://openalex.org/W2112009443","https://openalex.org/W2131135723","https://openalex.org/W2138200957","https://openalex.org/W2157485005","https://openalex.org/W2160833066","https://openalex.org/W2241220886","https://openalex.org/W2271218035","https://openalex.org/W2285453998","https://openalex.org/W2533373495","https://openalex.org/W2558239892","https://openalex.org/W2582709046","https://openalex.org/W2734103282","https://openalex.org/W2776191286","https://openalex.org/W2790358757","https://openalex.org/W2800671093","https://openalex.org/W2890697485","https://openalex.org/W2913330477","https://openalex.org/W2916385107","https://openalex.org/W2921961828","https://openalex.org/W2944436491","https://openalex.org/W2947421650","https://openalex.org/W2972567892","https://openalex.org/W2986761567","https://openalex.org/W3013171296","https://openalex.org/W3035279448","https://openalex.org/W3042696384","https://openalex.org/W3047550415","https://openalex.org/W3083440077","https://openalex.org/W3134966859","https://openalex.org/W3155264540","https://openalex.org/W3158321005","https://openalex.org/W4210999469","https://openalex.org/W4302038496","https://openalex.org/W6679742407","https://openalex.org/W6990422071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968552888","https://openalex.org/W1527532029","https://openalex.org/W2374116601","https://openalex.org/W3093134843","https://openalex.org/W2183593636","https://openalex.org/W2378167147","https://openalex.org/W3210777354","https://openalex.org/W2772323916","https://openalex.org/W2281307425","https://openalex.org/W2350724007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Mobile-based":[1],"extramural":[2],"English":[3,29],"(EE)":[4],"activities,":[5,226],"including":[6,63,227],"watching":[7,228,236],"movies,":[8,229],"playing":[9,233],"digital":[10],"games,":[11,235],"and":[12,66,77,176,214,217,238,259],"listening":[13,230],"to":[14,40,87,133,231,255,263],"music":[15],"outside":[16],"the":[17,42,48,102,107,114,124,135,147,156,192,220],"classroom,":[18],"have":[19],"played":[20],"an":[21],"important":[22],"role":[23,43],"in":[24,28,47,119,171,205,245],"increasing":[25],"learners'":[26],"interest":[27],"as":[30,99,201],"a":[31,58],"foreign":[32],"language":[33,72,253],"(EFL).":[34],"This":[35],"mixed-method":[36],"design":[37],"study":[38,56],"aimed":[39],"investigate":[41,134],"of":[44,51,60,101,146],"EE":[45,103,181,225,261],"activities":[46,153,182,200,262],"vocabulary":[49,90,158,172,210,247,266],"development":[50],"intermediate":[52],"EFL":[53,120],"learners.":[54],"The":[55,82,144,164,187,249],"included":[57],"group":[59,84,109,149],"60":[61],"learners,":[62],"30":[64,67],"male":[65,175],"female":[68,177],"students":[69,178],"from":[70,191],"two":[71,97],"institutes.":[73],"A":[74,128],"pretest,":[75],"posttest,":[76],"delayed":[78],"posttest":[79],"were":[80],"used.":[81],"experimental":[83],"utilized":[85],"WhatsApp":[86],"receive":[88],"electronic":[89],"instruction":[91,112],"four":[92],"days":[93],"per":[94],"week":[95],"for":[96,122,141,252],"months":[98],"part":[100],"activities.":[104,143],"In":[105],"contrast,":[106],"control":[108],"received":[110],"classroom":[111],"using":[113,180],"conventional":[115],"approach":[116],"typically":[117],"employed":[118],"contexts":[121],"teaching":[123,267],"same":[125],"textbook":[126],"vocabulary.":[127],"semi-structured":[129],"interview":[130],"was":[131],"conducted":[132],"participants'":[136],"beliefs":[137],"regarding":[138],"their":[139,246],"preference":[140],"EE-based":[142,152,199],"results":[145],"EG":[148],"revealed":[150,167],"that":[151,189,196],"significantly":[154],"impacted":[155],"students'":[157],"learning":[159],"(":[160,183],"p":[161,184],"<":[162],"0.001).":[163],"findings":[165,250],"also":[166],"no":[168],"significant":[169],"differences":[170],"knowledge":[173],"between":[174],"after":[179],"=":[185],"0.34).":[186],"themes":[188],"emerged":[190],"qualitative":[193],"phase":[194],"suggested":[195],"participants":[197,221],"preferred":[198,222],"they":[202],"can":[203],"result":[204],"less":[206],"mental":[207],"stress,":[208],"more":[209,257],"learning,":[211],"improved":[212,215],"conversation,":[213],"pronunciation":[216],"grammar.":[218],"Also,":[219],"various":[223],"mobile-based":[224],"music,":[232],"multiple":[234],"cartoons,":[237],"focusing":[239],"on":[240],"movie":[241],"subtitles,":[242],"which":[243],"resulted":[244],"development.":[248],"call":[251],"educators":[254],"integrate":[256],"virtual":[258],"online-based":[260],"supplement":[264],"traditional":[265],"practices.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}