{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947831340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","title":"Developing an early-warning system for spotting at-risk students by using eBook interaction logs","display_name":"Developing an early-warning system for spotting at-risk students by using eBook interaction logs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947831340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","mag":"2947831340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026532268","display_name":"G\u00f6khan Ak\u00e7ap\u0131nar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0742-1612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39012071","display_name":"Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzj8a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39012071"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66514158","display_name":"Hacettepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwvgz42","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}],"countries":["JP","TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G\u00f6khan Ak\u00e7ap\u0131nar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0742-1612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39012071","https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002020000","display_name":"Mohammad Nehal Hasnine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4761-4002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39012071","display_name":"Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzj8a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39012071"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Nehal Hasnine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39012071","https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073597081","display_name":"Rwitajit Majumdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-0238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39012071","display_name":"Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzj8a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39012071"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rwitajit Majumdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39012071","https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025409280","display_name":"Brendan Flanagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-997X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39012071","display_name":"Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzj8a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39012071"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brendan Flanagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39012071","https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079543720","display_name":"Hiroaki Ogata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5216-1576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39012071","display_name":"Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzj8a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39012071"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroaki Ogata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39012071","https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026532268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I39012071","https://openalex.org/I66514158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.2513,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99150442,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.9351576566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.58754563331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.5510571002960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-system","display_name":"Early warning system","score":0.5442235469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3417856693267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33903026580810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21301114559173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09477156400680542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.9351576566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.58754563331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.5510571002960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779296788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326904","display_name":"Early warning system","level":3,"score":0.5442235469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3417856693267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33903026580810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21301114559173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09477156400680542}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01221:0004073109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd46d9df84ee446db198455040fe9f8d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd46d9df84ee446db198455040fe9f8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","pdf_url":"https://slejournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40561-019-0083-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494786546","display_name":"Smart Learning Environments","issn_l":"2196-7091","issn":["2196-7091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Learning Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5210704352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18102059-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321680","funder_display_name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6498201947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16H06304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321680","display_name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/0055k7a87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323272","display_name":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwvgz42"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947831340.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947831340.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109702185","https://openalex.org/W582726776","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1966165526","https://openalex.org/W2027040656","https://openalex.org/W2066930759","https://openalex.org/W2071097428","https://openalex.org/W2079777076","https://openalex.org/W2086145942","https://openalex.org/W2137183511","https://openalex.org/W2153378020","https://openalex.org/W2339218466","https://openalex.org/W2344869223","https://openalex.org/W2395088234","https://openalex.org/W2518725484","https://openalex.org/W2518782678","https://openalex.org/W2584256333","https://openalex.org/W2741755666","https://openalex.org/W2789389039","https://openalex.org/W2901400593","https://openalex.org/W4399570526","https://openalex.org/W4399570957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019221308","https://openalex.org/W2366686155","https://openalex.org/W1044530532","https://openalex.org/W2383173999","https://openalex.org/W2899102479","https://openalex.org/W3125817379","https://openalex.org/W2369926976","https://openalex.org/W2381743810","https://openalex.org/W2349162035","https://openalex.org/W2402451758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"prediction":[1,20,66,71,90,98],"systems":[2],"have":[3],"already":[4],"been":[5],"applied":[6],"successfully":[7],"in":[8,22,117,229],"various":[9],"educational":[10],"contexts.":[11],"In":[12,158],"this":[13,230],"study,":[14],"we":[15,64],"investigated":[16],"developing":[17],"an":[18,36,153],"early":[19,37],"system":[21,39],"the":[23,54,74,80,108,111,129,132,136,141,144,175,204,226,238],"context":[24],"of":[25,43,79,86,110,155,160,225,240],"eBook-based":[26],"teaching-learning":[27],"and":[28,58,101,148],"used":[29,95,105],"students\u2019":[30],"eBook":[31],"reading":[32],"data":[33,75,87,130,170,177,184,200,214],"to":[34,106,237],"develop":[35],"warning":[38],"for":[40,61,96],"students":[41,151],"at-risk":[42],"academic":[44,48],"failure":[45],"-students":[46],"whose":[47],"performance":[49,109,127,217],"is":[50],"low.":[51],"To":[52],"determine":[53],"best":[55],"performing":[56,150],"model":[57],"optimum":[59],"time":[60],"possible":[62],"interventions":[63],"created":[65,206],"models":[67,123,145,197,205,211,219],"by":[68],"using":[69,207],"13":[70],"algorithms":[72,167],"with":[73,128,152,174,198,212,218,220,235],"from":[76,131,140],"different":[77],"weeks":[78],"course.":[81],"We":[82],"also":[83,194,233],"tested":[84],"effects":[85],"transformation":[88],"on":[89],"models.":[91,99,112],"10-fold":[92],"cross-validation":[93],"was":[94],"all":[97,122],"Accuracy":[100],"Kappa":[102],"metrics":[103],"were":[104,171,185,232],"compare":[107],"Our":[113],"results":[114,227],"revealed":[115],"that":[116,196],"a":[118],"sixteen-week":[119],"long":[120],"course":[121],"reached":[124],"their":[125],"highest":[126],"15th":[133],"week.":[134],"On":[135],"other":[137,166,191],"hand,":[138],"starting":[139],"3rd":[142],"week,":[143],"classified":[146],"low":[147],"high":[149],"accuracy":[154],"over":[156],"79%.":[157],"terms":[159],"algorithms,":[161],"Random":[162],"Forest":[163],"(RF)":[164],"outperformed":[165,190],"when":[168],"raw":[169,221],"used,":[172,186],"however,":[173],"transformed":[176,199],"J48":[178],"algorithm":[179],"performed":[180,201],"better.":[181],"When":[182],"categorical":[183,208,213],"Naive":[187],"Bayes":[188],"(NB)":[189],"algorithms.":[192],"Results":[193],"indicated":[195],"lower":[202],"than":[203],"data.":[209,222],"However,":[210],"showed":[215],"similar":[216],"The":[223],"implications":[224],"presented":[228],"research":[231],"discussed":[234],"respect":[236],"field":[239],"Learning":[241],"Analytics.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
