{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410233063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","title":"Data imputation in large and small-scale spatiotemporal time series gaps using BackForward Bi-LSTM","display_name":"Data imputation in large and small-scale spatiotemporal time series gaps using BackForward Bi-LSTM","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410233063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066013158","display_name":"Alessandro Galdelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-6424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123346","display_name":"National Biodiversity Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02s4dhq46","country_code":"CR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123346"]}],"countries":["CR","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Galdelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","National Biodiversity Future Center, Organization, Palermo, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Biodiversity Future Center, Organization, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064999927","display_name":"Gagan Narang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-0758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gagan Narang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040921532","display_name":"Selene Tomassini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-7004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selene Tomassini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059781441","display_name":"Lorenzo D\u2019Agostino","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo D\u2019Agostino","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008187098","display_name":"Anna Nora Tassetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-7877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154004","display_name":"Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology","ror":"https://ror.org/00pb0ac76","country_code":null,"type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4387154004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123346","display_name":"National Biodiversity Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02s4dhq46","country_code":"CR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123346"]}],"countries":["CR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Nora Tassetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Ancona, Italy","National Biodiversity Future Center, Organization, Palermo, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4387154004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Biodiversity Future Center, Organization, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083358549","display_name":"Adriano Mancini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-9200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriano Mancini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066013158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668","https://openalex.org/I4210123346"],"apc_list":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"apc_paid":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"fwci":7.6696,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97440622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7709341049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5861941576004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5776554346084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science-and-engineering","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","score":0.5687208771705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imputation","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","score":0.5640290379524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5388609170913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41021695733070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37139618396759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.27270442247390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.14958715438842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.13282248377799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0617671012878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.05206844210624695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7709341049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5861941576004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5776554346084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68597687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362601","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","level":2,"score":0.5687208771705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.5640290379524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5388609170913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41021695733070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37139618396759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27270442247390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.14958715438842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.13282248377799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0617671012878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.05206844210624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/344340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1f243eda4c224419b10446e91e072c25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1f243eda4c224419b10446e91e072c25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/465620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/465620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-025-01163-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5538627578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CN_00000033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410233063.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410233063.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996217088","https://openalex.org/W2018213571","https://openalex.org/W2026332136","https://openalex.org/W2048020707","https://openalex.org/W2053421276","https://openalex.org/W2083442964","https://openalex.org/W2119404651","https://openalex.org/W2167052694","https://openalex.org/W2410357467","https://openalex.org/W2424778531","https://openalex.org/W2565668877","https://openalex.org/W2565674375","https://openalex.org/W2743711613","https://openalex.org/W2782268739","https://openalex.org/W2793227382","https://openalex.org/W2809739523","https://openalex.org/W2911273949","https://openalex.org/W2940356768","https://openalex.org/W2947950257","https://openalex.org/W3011632114","https://openalex.org/W3107551732","https://openalex.org/W3107552218","https://openalex.org/W3153063994","https://openalex.org/W3170657538","https://openalex.org/W3202586194","https://openalex.org/W4214612842","https://openalex.org/W4280497349","https://openalex.org/W4289260806","https://openalex.org/W4307930356","https://openalex.org/W4361199381","https://openalex.org/W4385128789","https://openalex.org/W4386071805","https://openalex.org/W4386076301","https://openalex.org/W4386125561","https://openalex.org/W4386447210","https://openalex.org/W4390022206","https://openalex.org/W4390891965","https://openalex.org/W4392458615","https://openalex.org/W4399303994","https://openalex.org/W4401300880","https://openalex.org/W4401863491","https://openalex.org/W4407925788","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6969403462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4211215373","https://openalex.org/W3217094455","https://openalex.org/W3119637569","https://openalex.org/W2989589450","https://openalex.org/W2405773734","https://openalex.org/W3123325766","https://openalex.org/W2119012848","https://openalex.org/W2622688551","https://openalex.org/W1550175370","https://openalex.org/W1990205660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,39],"recent":[2],"years,":[3],"tracking":[4],"systems":[5,16,159],"have":[6],"transformed":[7],"the":[8,81,86,155],"understanding":[9],"of":[10,118,157],"spatiotemporal":[11,60,138],"dynamic":[12],"processes.":[13],"However,":[14],"these":[15],"often":[17],"face":[18],"challenges":[19,136],"due":[20],"to":[21,32,55,74,110,130],"missing":[22,57,82,96,104],"data":[23,97,105],"caused":[24],"by":[25],"technical":[26],"limitations":[27],"or":[28],"intentional":[29],"manipulation,":[30],"leading":[31],"classification":[33],"bias":[34],"and":[35,67,79,92,101,125,140],"hidden":[36],"suspicious":[37],"activities.":[38],"response,":[40],"we":[41],"propose":[42],"a":[43,89,147],"deep":[44],"learning":[45],"algorithm":[46,87,145],"based":[47],"on":[48,88,99],"sequential":[49],"Bidirectional":[50],"Long":[51],"Short-Term":[52],"Memory":[53],"(BiLSTM)":[54],"impute":[56],"trajectories":[58,98],"in":[59,71,116,137,154],"datasets.":[61],"Our":[62],"approach":[63],"employs":[64],"both":[65],"backward":[66],"forward":[68],"BiLSTMs":[69],"resulting":[70],"BF-BiLSTM":[72],"architecture":[73],"model":[75,113],"temporal":[76],"dependencies":[77],"before":[78],"after":[80],"trajectories.":[83],"We":[84],"evaluated":[85],"realistic":[90],"marine":[91],"aerial":[93],"dataset,":[94],"considering":[95],"vessels":[100],"flights":[102],"with":[103],"rates":[106],"ranging":[107],"from":[108],"5%":[109],"30%.":[111],"The":[112],"improves":[114],"performance":[115],"terms":[117],"MAE":[119],"(0.011\u00b0),":[120],"MSE":[121],"(0.056%),":[122],"MAPE":[123],"(0.054%)":[124],"ADE":[126],"(0.017\u00b0)":[127],"when":[128],"compared":[129],"state-of-the-art":[131],"approaches.":[132],"By":[133],"effectively":[134],"addressing":[135],"datasets":[139],"improving":[141],"existing":[142],"benchmarks,":[143],"our":[144],"provides":[146],"robust":[148],"solution":[149],"for":[150],"enhancing":[151],"trajectory":[152],"imputation":[153],"context":[156],"monitoring":[158],"potentially":[160],"across":[161],"diverse":[162],"application":[163],"domains.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}