{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200127519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","title":"Cyberbullying detection: advanced preprocessing techniques &amp; deep learning architecture for Roman Urdu data","display_name":"Cyberbullying detection: advanced preprocessing techniques &amp; deep learning architecture for Roman Urdu data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200127519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34956818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071520332","display_name":"Amirita Dewani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-3644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amirita Dewani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan","Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-3644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053431066","display_name":"Mohsin Ali Memon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-4252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsin Ali Memon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan","Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-4252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058737872","display_name":"Sania Bhatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0887-8083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sania Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan","Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0887-8083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Software Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071520332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"],"apc_list":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"apc_paid":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"fwci":7.4155,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97657818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"160","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8728626370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6579596400260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5745402574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.56052166223526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.5298483371734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slang","display_name":"Slang","score":0.4459814429283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.43412086367607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.4291938543319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.41857877373695374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.4139370322227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35860177874565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21957045793533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2060854136943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1030099093914032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8728626370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6579596400260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5745402574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.56052166223526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.5298483371734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8102","display_name":"Slang","level":2,"score":0.4459814429283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.43412086367607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.4291938543319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.41857877373695374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.4139370322227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35860177874565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21957045793533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2060854136943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1030099093914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34956818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34956818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a6cfc4357629403f9d485b1a7da50414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a6cfc4357629403f9d485b1a7da50414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8693595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8693595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Big Data","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00550-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316680","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329623","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200127519.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200127519.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014545475","https://openalex.org/W2209227144","https://openalex.org/W2766857497","https://openalex.org/W2784010253","https://openalex.org/W2789671692","https://openalex.org/W2798620412","https://openalex.org/W2805807672","https://openalex.org/W2912431116","https://openalex.org/W2941799245","https://openalex.org/W2963119602","https://openalex.org/W2995484715","https://openalex.org/W3013437827","https://openalex.org/W3049310425","https://openalex.org/W3092739266","https://openalex.org/W3094615924","https://openalex.org/W3096295776","https://openalex.org/W3144206916","https://openalex.org/W3174551751","https://openalex.org/W3208463727","https://openalex.org/W4205382263","https://openalex.org/W6602675123","https://openalex.org/W6607110455","https://openalex.org/W6835940183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2305719592","https://openalex.org/W2495256954","https://openalex.org/W2259317772","https://openalex.org/W4378498597","https://openalex.org/W3101140821","https://openalex.org/W4287816966","https://openalex.org/W3015650676","https://openalex.org/W4389520445","https://openalex.org/W4387800341","https://openalex.org/W4388347706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,124],"have":[2,29,50,141,165],"become":[3],"a":[4,95],"very":[5],"viable":[6],"medium":[7],"for":[8,57,120,173],"communication,":[9],"collaboration,":[10],"exchange":[11],"of":[12,24,43,60,153,176,226,250],"information,":[13],"knowledge,":[14],"and":[15,27,45,48,62,80,93,113,159,189,201,209,214,224,242,246,252,259],"ideas.":[16],"However,":[17,84],"due":[18],"to":[19,53,73,184,212,233],"anonymity":[20],"preservation,":[21],"the":[22,33,41,85,235],"incidents":[23],"hate":[25,63],"speech":[26],"cyberbullying":[28,168,216],"been":[30,51,109],"diversified":[31],"across":[32],"globe.":[34],"This":[35,149],"intimidating":[36],"problem":[37],"has":[38,108],"recently":[39,110],"sought":[40],"attention":[42],"researchers":[44],"scholars":[46],"worldwide":[47,112],"studies":[49],"undertaken":[52],"formulate":[54],"solution":[55],"strategies":[56],"automatic":[58],"detection":[59],"cyberaggression":[61],"speech,":[64],"varying":[65,204],"from":[66],"machine":[67],"learning":[68],"models":[69,79,203,227],"with":[70],"vast":[71],"features":[72],"more":[74,114],"complex":[75],"deep":[76],"neural":[77],"network":[78],"different":[81,231],"SN":[82],"platforms.":[83],"existing":[86],"research":[87,138],"is":[88,125],"directed":[89],"towards":[90],"mature":[91],"languages":[92],"highlights":[94],"huge":[96],"gap":[97],"in":[98,219],"newly":[99],"embraced":[100],"resource":[101],"poor":[102],"languages.":[103],"One":[104],"such":[105],"language":[106,130],"that":[107,240],"adopted":[111],"specifically":[115],"by":[116,197],"south":[117],"Asian":[118],"countries":[119],"communication":[121],"on":[122,145],"social":[123],"Roman":[126,133,146,154,220],"Urdu":[127,129,147,155],"i-e":[128],"written":[131],"using":[132,230],"scripting.":[134],"To":[135],"address":[136],"this":[137],"gap,":[139],"we":[140,193],"performed":[142,194,244],"extensive":[143,195],"preprocessing":[144],"microtext.":[148],"typically":[150],"involves":[151],"formation":[152],"slang-":[156],"phrase":[157],"dictionary":[158],"mapping":[160],"slangs":[161],"after":[162],"tokenization.":[163],"We":[164],"also":[166],"eliminated":[167],"domain":[169],"specific":[170],"stop":[171],"words":[172],"dimensionality":[174],"reduction":[175],"corpus.":[177],"The":[178,222],"unstructured":[179],"data":[180],"were":[181,228],"further":[182],"processed":[183],"handle":[185],"encoded":[186],"text":[187],"formats":[188],"metadata/non-linguistic":[190],"features.":[191],"Furthermore,":[192],"experiments":[196],"implementing":[198],"RNN-LSTM,":[199],"RNN-BiLSTM":[200,243],"CNN":[202],"epochs":[205],"executions,":[206],"model":[207],"layers":[208],"tuning":[210],"hyperparameters":[211],"analyze":[213],"uncover":[215],"textual":[217],"patterns":[218],"Urdu.":[221],"efficiency":[223],"performance":[225],"evaluated":[229],"metrics":[232],"present":[234],"comparative":[236],"analysis.":[237],"Results":[238],"highlight":[239],"RNN-LSTM":[241],"best":[245],"achieved":[247],"validation":[248],"accuracy":[249],"85.5":[251],"85%":[253],"whereas":[254],"F1":[255],"score":[256],"was":[257],"0.7":[258],"0.67":[260],"respectively":[261],"over":[262],"aggression":[263],"class.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
