{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206384239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","title":"Dissimilarity space reinforced with manifold learning and latent space modeling for improved pattern classification","display_name":"Dissimilarity space reinforced with manifold learning and latent space modeling for improved pattern classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206384239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","mag":"3206384239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079753985","display_name":"Azadeh Rezazadeh Hamedani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183859904","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00bvysh61","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I183859904"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azadeh Rezazadeh Hamedani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183859904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013841570","display_name":"Mohammad Hossein Moattar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8968-6744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183859904","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00bvysh61","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I183859904"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hossein Moattar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8968-6744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183859904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055893082","display_name":"Yahya Forghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3218-5666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183859904","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00bvysh61","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I183859904"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahya Forghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183859904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013841570"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183859904"],"apc_list":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"apc_paid":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"fwci":0.1808,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46980176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","score":0.7397172451019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6667894721031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.6159811019897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6001687049865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.5788099765777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesic","display_name":"Geodesic","score":0.5769065618515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-space","display_name":"Euclidean space","score":0.5452048182487488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.5326371192932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.519180417060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","score":0.5007774829864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49609050154685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isomap","display_name":"Isomap","score":0.4814835786819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4704275131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.44662410020828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.433157742023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4290534257888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4102688729763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.0875762403011322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.7397172451019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6667894721031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.6159811019897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6001687049865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.5788099765777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165818556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213488","display_name":"Geodesic","level":2,"score":0.5769065618515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186450821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17295","display_name":"Euclidean space","level":2,"score":0.5452048182487488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5326371192932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.519180417060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529865628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790740","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","level":2,"score":0.5007774829864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49609050154685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778626561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6086067","display_name":"Isomap","level":4,"score":0.4814835786819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4704275131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.44662410020828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.433157742023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4290534257888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4102688729763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0875762403011322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04a5b2c9c5484d9d93240f263d614dc4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04a5b2c9c5484d9d93240f263d614dc4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-23 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00527-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206384239.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206384239.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61961034","https://openalex.org/W66986276","https://openalex.org/W100212838","https://openalex.org/W287609105","https://openalex.org/W1156960571","https://openalex.org/W1480708938","https://openalex.org/W1534579826","https://openalex.org/W1582695919","https://openalex.org/W1916479014","https://openalex.org/W1966241362","https://openalex.org/W1979662950","https://openalex.org/W1984806179","https://openalex.org/W1995094971","https://openalex.org/W2024638964","https://openalex.org/W2066459332","https://openalex.org/W2078481172","https://openalex.org/W2099322038","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2112270878","https://openalex.org/W2122119608","https://openalex.org/W2144635266","https://openalex.org/W2150563191","https://openalex.org/W2408361148","https://openalex.org/W2460772544","https://openalex.org/W2483826400","https://openalex.org/W2536769834","https://openalex.org/W2539792571","https://openalex.org/W2550600492","https://openalex.org/W2956933687","https://openalex.org/W2989800785","https://openalex.org/W3000701432","https://openalex.org/W3036100825","https://openalex.org/W3045524274","https://openalex.org/W3106572427","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3124235986","https://openalex.org/W3130892409","https://openalex.org/W3132560851","https://openalex.org/W3135367775","https://openalex.org/W3153980874","https://openalex.org/W3168512044","https://openalex.org/W3196669497","https://openalex.org/W4287668433","https://openalex.org/W6610518301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375574759","https://openalex.org/W3124275785","https://openalex.org/W4287375746","https://openalex.org/W1562785334","https://openalex.org/W2375518579","https://openalex.org/W2351371028","https://openalex.org/W1606646545","https://openalex.org/W2366334780","https://openalex.org/W3183997925","https://openalex.org/W1672741271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Dissimilarity":[1,23],"representation":[2,206],"plays":[3],"a":[4,36],"very":[5],"important":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,29,251],"pattern":[9],"recognition":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,15,42,112,135,186],"its":[13,40,146,150],"ability":[14],"capture":[16],"structural":[17],"and":[18,53,66,117,125,170,220,235,254],"relational":[19],"information":[20],"between":[21],"samples.":[22],"space":[24,79,194],"embedding":[25],"is":[26,33,97,111,130,142,164,171,184,200],"an":[27,100],"approach":[28],"which":[30,231],"each":[31,84,140],"sample":[32,141],"represented":[34],"as":[35,99],"vector":[37],"based":[38],"on":[39,87,122,153,228],"dissimilarity":[41,78,138,210,249],"some":[43],"other":[44,247],"samples":[45,61],"called":[46,209],"prototypes.":[47],"However,":[48],"lack":[49],"of":[50,83,108,120,190],"neighborhood-preserving,":[51],"fixed":[52],"usually":[54],"considerable":[55],"prototype":[56,147],"set":[57,148],"for":[58,166],"all":[59],"training":[60],"cause":[62],"low":[63],"classification":[64],"accuracy":[65,253],"high":[67],"computational":[68],"complexity.":[69],"To":[70,202],"address":[71],"these":[72],"challenges,":[73],"our":[74],"proposed":[75,242],"method":[76],"creates":[77],"considering":[80],"the":[81,88,114,118,123,137,154,157,167,174,188,191,197,204,241,246],"neighbors":[82,152],"data":[85,121],"point":[86],"manifold.":[89],"For":[90],"this":[91,109],"purpose,":[92],"Locally":[93],"Linear":[94],"Embedding":[95],"(LLE)":[96],"used":[98,165],"unsupervised":[101],"manifold":[102,124,155],"learning":[103],"algorithm.":[104],"The":[105],"only":[106,144],"goal":[107],"step":[110],"learn":[113],"global":[115],"structure":[116,168],"neighborhood":[119,177],"mapping":[126],"or":[127],"dimension":[128],"reduction":[129],"not":[131],"performed.":[132],"In":[133],"order":[134],"create":[136],"space,":[139,211],"compared":[143],"with":[145],"including":[149],"k-nearest":[151],"using":[156,173,240],"geodesic":[158],"distance":[159,162],"metric.":[160],"Geodesic":[161],"metric":[163],"preserving":[169],"computed":[172],"weighted":[175],"LLE":[176],"graph.":[178],"Finally,":[179],"Latent":[180],"Space":[181],"Model":[182],"(LSM),":[183],"applied":[185],"reduce":[187],"dimensions":[189],"Euclidean":[192,234],"latent":[193],"so":[195,208],"that":[196,239],"second":[198],"challenge":[199],"resolved.":[201],"evaluate":[203],"resulted":[205],"ad":[207],"two":[212],"common":[213],"classifiers":[214,244],"namely":[215],"K":[216],"Nearest":[217],"Neighbor":[218],"(KNN)":[219],"Support":[221],"Vector":[222],"Machine":[223],"(SVM)":[224],"are":[225],"applied.":[226],"Experiments":[227],"different":[229],"datasets":[230],"included":[232],"both":[233,252],"non-Euclidean":[236],"spaces,":[237],"demonstrate":[238],"approach,":[243],"outperform":[245],"basic":[248],"spaces":[250],"runtime.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}