{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3182965314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","title":"Investigating the impact of pre-processing techniques and pre-trained word embeddings in detecting Arabic health information on social media","display_name":"Investigating the impact of pre-processing techniques and pre-trained word embeddings in detecting Arabic health information on social media","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3182965314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","mag":"3182965314","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34249602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054910271","display_name":"Yahya Albalawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-6355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["IE","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yahya Albalawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Taibah, Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia","The Irish Software Research Centre, Lero, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-6355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Taibah, Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Irish Software Research Centre, Lero, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084329596","display_name":"Jim Buckley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6928-6746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Buckley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","The Irish Software Research Centre, Lero, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Irish Software Research Centre, Lero, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088624697","display_name":"Nikola S. Nikolov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-0297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikola S. Nikolov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","The Irish Software Research Centre, Lero, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Irish Software Research Centre, Lero, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054910271"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080","https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"apc_paid":{"value":1990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1990},"fwci":4.4213,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95234543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"95","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8582794666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7082852721214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.6241626739501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.57386314868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5499465465545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.5193599462509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.49718979001045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4650973081588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.43087005615234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4124971032142639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33424896001815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.23387017846107483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8582794666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7082852721214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.6241626739501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.57386314868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5499465465545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.5193599462509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.49718979001045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4650973081588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.43087005615234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4124971032142639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33424896001815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.23387017846107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34249602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34249602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ulir.ul.ie:10344/10336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10344/10336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401530","display_name":"University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","host_organization_name":"University of Limerick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0362e3ecff634715b79470bfc7804feb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0362e3ecff634715b79470bfc7804feb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-29 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/19811458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Investigating_the_impact_of_pre_processing_techniques_and_pre_trained_word_embeddings_in_detecting_Arabic_health_information_on_social_media/19811458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8253467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8253467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Big Data","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40537-021-00488-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7736775806","display_name":"Lero - the Irish Software Research Centre","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321161","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3182965314.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3182965314.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201141796","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1608170983","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1728527562","https://openalex.org/W1984972187","https://openalex.org/W1993220166","https://openalex.org/W2003989635","https://openalex.org/W2015452969","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2045302258","https://openalex.org/W2059786527","https://openalex.org/W2076506193","https://openalex.org/W2079591709","https://openalex.org/W2088394786","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2101612261","https://openalex.org/W2103333826","https://openalex.org/W2108564850","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2126326126","https://openalex.org/W2127613773","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2164900082","https://openalex.org/W2205860620","https://openalex.org/W2210969396","https://openalex.org/W2275421386","https://openalex.org/W2327415498","https://openalex.org/W2338010732","https://openalex.org/W2345922844","https://openalex.org/W2399618090","https://openalex.org/W2409135246","https://openalex.org/W2418507666","https://openalex.org/W2463546759","https://openalex.org/W2515404780","https://openalex.org/W2516723902","https://openalex.org/W2581256107","https://openalex.org/W2584934697","https://openalex.org/W2626590196","https://openalex.org/W2642356091","https://openalex.org/W2751156688","https://openalex.org/W2753540975","https://openalex.org/W2753818499","https://openalex.org/W2764082857","https://openalex.org/W2767784948","https://openalex.org/W2768336056","https://openalex.org/W2770568736","https://openalex.org/W2783003676","https://openalex.org/W2785011159","https://openalex.org/W2785436059","https://openalex.org/W2804552911","https://openalex.org/W2806631561","https://openalex.org/W2808079449","https://openalex.org/W2887832821","https://openalex.org/W2889137151","https://openalex.org/W2894059694","https://openalex.org/W2895484153","https://openalex.org/W2898401058","https://openalex.org/W2899115790","https://openalex.org/W2900331195","https://openalex.org/W2900517206","https://openalex.org/W2900897701","https://openalex.org/W2901224794","https://openalex.org/W2901922204","https://openalex.org/W2906292424","https://openalex.org/W2907337265","https://openalex.org/W2908122470","https://openalex.org/W2909445213","https://openalex.org/W2909837903","https://openalex.org/W2910830936","https://openalex.org/W2915357442","https://openalex.org/W2917667443","https://openalex.org/W2918520793","https://openalex.org/W2932164076","https://openalex.org/W2944668631","https://openalex.org/W2944668906","https://openalex.org/W2944859252","https://openalex.org/W2945682741","https://openalex.org/W2945836255","https://openalex.org/W2946009575","https://openalex.org/W2946020736","https://openalex.org/W2946083425","https://openalex.org/W2950962190","https://openalex.org/W2951925285","https://openalex.org/W2955603559","https://openalex.org/W2956281465","https://openalex.org/W2968098022","https://openalex.org/W2969112210","https://openalex.org/W2972571474","https://openalex.org/W2974335209","https://openalex.org/W2977485612","https://openalex.org/W2979657322","https://openalex.org/W2980387735","https://openalex.org/W2987481153","https://openalex.org/W2990637605","https://openalex.org/W2995392485","https://openalex.org/W2996116632","https://openalex.org/W3001895040","https://openalex.org/W3004283970","https://openalex.org/W3006542816","https://openalex.org/W3008110149","https://openalex.org/W3011841493","https://openalex.org/W3020349211","https://openalex.org/W3027457715","https://openalex.org/W3035613923","https://openalex.org/W3103339821","https://openalex.org/W3103612975","https://openalex.org/W3105772961","https://openalex.org/W3134622622","https://openalex.org/W3161510001","https://openalex.org/W4211116959","https://openalex.org/W4244070597","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288407670","https://openalex.org/W947140380","https://openalex.org/W4230884544","https://openalex.org/W4245453790","https://openalex.org/W3194985222","https://openalex.org/W3216571906","https://openalex.org/W4214830338","https://openalex.org/W2518587255","https://openalex.org/W4287599800","https://openalex.org/W4385432812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"presents":[3],"a":[4,44,182],"comprehensive":[5],"evaluation":[6],"of":[7,17,24,42,139,153,167,196,223,227,234,248,257,260],"data":[8,125,165,201],"pre-processing":[9,116],"and":[10,64,78,131,133,225],"word":[11,87,110,176,206],"embedding":[12],"techniques":[13],"in":[14,21,97,100],"the":[15,22,40,55,73,81,94,101,113,137,147,154,158,163,179,188,199,209,215,241,255,258,261,269,274,281],"context":[16],"Arabic":[18,37,168],"document":[19],"classification":[20,84,159],"domain":[23],"health-related":[25,48],"communication":[26],"on":[27,273,280],"social":[28],"media.":[29],"We":[30],"evaluate":[31,106],"26":[32,155],"text":[33,83,115],"pre-processings":[34,156],"applied":[35],"to":[36,46,146,181,187,211,214,230,268],"tweets":[38],"within":[39],"process":[41],"training":[43,130],"classifier":[45,191,263],"identify":[47],"tweets.":[49],"For":[50,162,198],"this":[51],"task":[52],"we":[53,68,105,122,170,264],"use":[54,123],"(traditional)":[56],"machine":[57],"learning":[58,75,103,271],"classifiers":[59],"KNN,":[60],"SVM,":[61],"Multinomial":[62],"NB":[63],"Logistic":[65],"Regression.":[66],"Furthermore,":[67],"report":[69],"experimental":[70],"results":[71,144,251],"with":[72,112,192,219,245],"deep":[74,98,102,184,270],"architectures":[76],"BLSTM":[77,183,212],"CNN":[79],"for":[80,128,135,240],"same":[82,114,242],"problem.":[85],"Since":[86],"embeddings":[88,111,177,207],"are":[89],"more":[90],"typically":[91],"used":[92],"as":[93,178,208],"input":[95,180,210],"layer":[96],"networks,":[99],"experiments":[104],"several":[107],"state-of-the-art":[108],"pre-trained":[109,175,205],"applied.":[117],"To":[118],"achieve":[119],"these":[120],"goals,":[121],"two":[124],"sets:":[126],"one":[127],"both":[129],"testing,":[132],"another":[134],"testing":[136],"generality":[138],"our":[140],"models":[141],"only.":[142],"Our":[143,250],"point":[145],"conclusion":[148],"that":[149,172,254],"only":[150],"four":[151],"out":[152],"improve":[157],"accuracy":[160,226,247],"significantly.":[161],"first":[164,275],"set":[166],"tweets,":[169],"found":[171],"Mazajak":[173,203,238],"CBOW":[174,239],"network":[185],"led":[186,213],"most":[189,216],"accurate":[190,217],"F":[193,220,231],"1":[194,221,232],"score":[195,222,233],"89.7%.":[197],"second":[200,282],"set,":[202],"Skip-Gram":[204],"model":[218],"75.2%":[224],"90.7%":[228],"compared":[229],"90.8%":[235],"achieved":[236],"by":[237],"architecture":[243],"but":[244,277],"lower":[246],"70.89%.":[249],"also":[252],"show":[253],"performance":[256],"best":[259],"traditional":[262],"trained":[265],"is":[266],"comparable":[267],"methods":[272],"dataset,":[276],"significantly":[278],"worse":[279],"dataset.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}